Multifocal intraocular lenses（MIOL）form multiple focal points through refractive or diffractive principles，enabling patients to achieve full-range vision for distance，intermediate，and near.Their optical designs are categorized into three main types：refractive，diffractive，and hybrid.Refractive types use concentric rings or sectors for focal division，being susceptible to pupil reflex；diffractive types employ step diffraction gratings for light distribution，balancing light energy but reducing contrast sensitivity；hybrid types combine the advantages of both refractive and diffractive principles to achieve multifocal synergy.Extended depth of focus types can reduce visual disturbances by expanding the depth of field.Grasping MIOL product characteristics and their appropriate application can enhance clinical outcomes.

Objective

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and mechanisms of polyvinylidene fluoride（PVDF）on the migration and proliferation of human corneal epithelial cell（HCEC）.

Methods

PVDF films were prepared using solution casting and electrospinning methods.Scanning electron microscopy，X-ray diffraction，fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy，differential scanning calorimetry，and UV-Vis spectrophotometry were employed to select the optimal process from the aspect of the surface morphology，crystallinity，and visible light transmittance for two fabrication methods，and used for subsequent cell experiments.PVDF was divided into non-polarized and corona-poled groups with or without spontaneous polarization.Biocompatibility was assessed using cell counting kit-8.Scratch assay，transwell migration assay，and EdU proliferation assay were used to evaluate the effects of PVDF on cell migration and proliferation.Immunofluorescence and high-content cellular texture analysis were applied to assess cytoskeletal changes.Migration rates，migrated cell counts，proliferation rates，cytoskeletal length，and width met homogeneity of variance and normal distribution，were expressed as ±s and compared by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests for intergroup.

Results

Solution-cast PVDF films exhibited superior physicochemical properties compared to electrospun films and were selected for cell experiments.PVDF significantly promoted HCEC migration and proliferation.In the scratch assay，the migration rates of the control group，non-polarized PVDF group，and polarized PVDF group were（61.43±2.86）%，（70.36±5.87）%，and（96.12±0.48）%，respectively，with statistically significant differences（F＝75.91，P＜0.05）.In the Transwell assay，the numbers of migrating cells in the control group，non-polarized PVDF group，and polarized PVDF group were（1643.11±51.17），（1827.44±51.81），and（2392.89±57.99），respectively，with statistically significant intergroup differences（F＝105.69，P＜0.05）.The cell proliferation rates in the control group，non-polarized PVDF group，and polarized PVDF group were（27.83±1.62）%，（30.58±1.46）%，and（41.20±1.89）%，respectively，with statistically significant intergroup differences（F＝115.13，P＜0.05）.The microtubule lengths and widths of HCECin the control group，non-polarized PVDF group，and polarized PVDF group were（1.41±0.06）μm，（0.41±0.01）μm，（1.52±0.02）μm，（0.44±0.01）μm，（1.72±0.03）μm，and（0.44±0.01）μm，respectively.Statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups in both microtubule length and width（F＝29.76，9.67；P＜0.05）.The microfilament lengths and widths were（1.24±0.01）μm，（0.38±0.01）μm，（1.31±0.01）μm，（0.40±0.01）μm，（1.40±0.03）μm，and（0.40±0.01）μm，respectively，with statistically significant intergroup differences in both microfilament length and width（F＝42.70，62.70；P＜0.05）.

Conclusions

Solution-cast PVDF demonstrates excellent physicochemical properties and biocompatibility.It promotes HCECmigration and proliferation by regulating cytoskeletal reorganization via an electrical microenvironment generated by spontaneous polarization，with corona poling significantly enhancing this effect，which providing a novel strategy for corneal regenerative medicine.

Objective

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between damages in optic nerve morphology and changes in blood flow density and blood oxygen metabolism in glaucoma.

Methods

From February 2016 to October 2019，108 patients（210 eyes） with primary open-angle glaucoma and 110 healthy control subjects（220 eyes）were recruited from Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University.Among them，there were 128 males（252 eyes）and 90 females（178 eyes），with an average age of（55.1±7.5）years old（ranging from 45 to 66 years old）.Optical coherence tomography angiography（OCTA）was used to measure vascular parameters around the optic disc and inner the optic disc.The average thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer（rNFL）around the optic disc was used to measure by optical coherence tomography（OCT）.the retinal arterial and venous oxygen saturation was used to measure by retinal oximeter.The mean defect（MD）of visual field was to detect using Humphrey visual field analyzer.The Kolmogorov Smirnov statistical method was used to test intraocular pressure，RNFL thickness，visual field MD，parameters of retinal blood vessels and retinal oxygen saturation as normal distribution，and expressed as ±s，and compared by independent sample t test for intergroups，and one-way analysis of variance for multiple groups.The relationship between retinal vascular parameters，retinal oxygen saturation，and the severity of glaucoma were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis.

Results

Comparing between the glaucoma and the control group，the whole optic disc vascular density，as well as the vascular density inside the optic disc and radial peripapillary capillary（rPC），were（40.5±8.5）%，（42.8±9.5）%，（41.9±9.9）%，（49.6±3.8）%，（50.6±5.6）%，and（51.5±4.4）%，respectively，with statistically significant differences（t＝-2.382，-2.543，-2.074；P＜0.05）.The whole optic disc vascular density of patients with mild，moderate，and severe glaucoma was（47.4±3.8）%，（41.8±5.5）%，and（32.8±6.3）%，respectively，with statistically significant differences between the groups（F＝143.52，P＜0.05）.The whole vascular density of optic disc and the radial peripapillary capillary were positively correlated with the visual field MD of glaucoma，and the correlation was statistically significant（r＝0.784，P＜0.05）.There was positive correlation between the radial peripapillary capillary and visual field MD，and the correlation was statistically significant（r＝0.742，P＜0.05）.RNFL thickness and the optic rim area were positively correlated with the visual field MD of glaucoma，and the correlation was statistically significant（r＝0.625，P＜0.05）.The optic rim area was positively correlated with visual field MD，and the correlation was statistically significant（r＝0.544，P＜0.05）.The mean values of total retinal venous oxygen saturation，the upper retinal venous oxygen saturation，and the lower retinal venous oxygen saturation in the glaucoma group and control group were（62.9±10.4）%，（63.8±11.0）%，（59.7±11.9）%，（57.3±6.5）%，（59.2±7.1）%，and（54.0±8.6）%，respectively，showing statistical significance（t＝3.214，2.942，2.348；P＜0.05）.The mean differences of retinal arterial and venous oxygen saturation in the total，the upper and the lower retina in the glaucoma group and the control group were（30.2±13.1）%，（28.3±12.6）%，（32.4±11.2）%，（34.2±5.4）%，（32.6±7.9）%，and（38.2±8.9）%，respectively.The difference was statistically significant（t＝-2.535，-1.983，-2.164；P＜0.05）.The difference of retinal arterial and venous oxygen saturation in glaucoma was reduced.The retinal artery oxygen saturation in the mild glaucoma group and the severe glaucoma group were（92.0±7.1）% and（91.7±10.2）%，respectively，showing no statistically significant difference（t＝-1.457，P＞0.05）.The average retinal venous oxygen saturation in the mild glaucoma group and the severe glaucoma group were（64.6±10.1）%and（67.9±8.5）%，respectively，with statistically significant difference（t＝2.093，P＜0.05）.The difference of retinal arterial and venous oxygen saturation in the mild glaucoma group and the severe glaucoma group were（27.2±8.1）% and（23.6±6.7）%，respectively，showing statistically significant difference（t＝-2.454，P＜0.05）.Retinal venous oxygen saturation was correlated with cup volume，cup to disc ratio，visual field MD，RNFL thickness，and optic rim area，and the correlation showing statistically significant（r＝0.333，0.317，-0.459，-0.337，-0.319，P＜0.05）.The peripapillary RNFL thickness in the lower retina corresponding to the upper visual field of patients with abnormal lower visual field and normal upper visual field in the glaucoma group and control group were（73.0±8.3）μm and（111.0±6.9）μm，respectively，the difference showing statistically significant（t＝-2.458，P＜0.05）.The inferior macula ganglion cell complex（GCC）values in the glaucoma and control group were（74.0±6.4）μm and（99.0±5.8）μm，respectively，and the difference was statistically significant（t＝-2.094，P＜0.05）.The inferior peripapillary vascular density in the glaucoma group and control group were（41.0±6.2）% and（51.0±4.5）%，respectively，with statistically significant differences（t＝-2.213，P＜0.05）.The inferior retinal venous oxygen saturation in the glaucoma group and control group were（59.0±6.7）% and（54.0±8.6）%，respectively，with statistically significant differences（t＝2.274，P＜0.05）.

Conclusions

Changes in optic disc vascular density detected with OCTA and retinal venous oxygen saturation in glaucoma are correlated with changes of visual field and RNFL thickness measured with OCT.Before glaucomatous optic nerve damage and visual field loss，decreasing in optic disc vascular density and increasing in retinal venous oxygen saturation have been found，indicating decreased metabolism of retinal nerve tissue.Vascular factor is one of the reasons of the progression of glaucomatous opitc nerve damage.

Objective

The aim of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of radio frequency technique in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction（MGD）associated with dry eye.

Methods

A total of 21 patients（42 eyes）with MGD-related dry eye who visited the Ophthalmology Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital，Capital Medical University，from April 2024 and June 2024 were enrolled.Among them，7 were male（14 eyes）and 14 were female（28 eyes），with a mean age of（47.3±17.2）years（ranging from 23 to 73 years）.Each patient received bilateral eyelid radiofrequency treatment once per week for 20 minutes per session，for a total of four sessions.Non-contact intraocular pressure，anterior segment imaging，ocular surface disease index（OSDI）scores，symptom visual analog scale（VAS）scores，meibomian gland secretion grading，meibum quality scores，fluorescein tear film break-up time（FBUT），corneal fluorescein staining scores，and SchirmerⅠtest，best-corrected visual acuity，tear meniscus height（TMH），lipid layer thickness（LLT），and non-invasive tear break-up time（NITBUT）were assessed before treatment and post-treatment conformed normal distribution and presented as±s，and compared by ANOVA for intergroup，and compared by paired t-tests for changes in each parameter from baseline to the final follow-up.

Results

The OSDI scores for patients with MGD-related dry eye before treatment and at 1，2，3，and 4 weeks after treatment were（55.86±20.80）scores，（46.56±20.06）scores，（33.30±18.75）scores，（35.60±17.48）scores，and（25.99±11.15）scores，respectively.VAS scores for symptoms including burning or stinging，itching，foreign body sensation，dryness，photophobia，eye pain，and ocular discomfort were as follows：（47.71±22.71）scores，（42.90±23.28）scores，（35.57±19.82）scores，（31.86±19.49）scores，（28.67±17.83）scores，（46.95±20.12）scores，（45.95±21.89）scores，（34.05±16.02）scores，（31.14±21.90）scores，（22.95±15.57）scores，（53.57±25.48）scores，（48.48±22.22）scores，（36.43±19.23）scores，（35.76±21.89）scores，（22.48±12.71）scores，（65.67±27.58）scores，（55.90±23.22）scores，（43.76±22.99）scores，（37.86±18.79）scores，（28.90±14.22）scores，（53.71±21.57）scores，（45.57±23.25）scores，（36.38±23.47）scores，（29.05±18.28）scores，（21.10±12.66）scores，（53.86±20.82）scores，（44.55±19.23）scores，（31.71±17.87）scores，（33.50±16.98）scores，（24.71±10.87）scores，（70.67±17.84）scores，（51.90±20.77）scores，（39.52±21.52）scores，（34.10±18.23）scores，and（24.81±12.86）scores.The differences in OSDI and VASscores across time points were statistically significant（F＝9.103，2.958，5.870，7.211，9.334，8.457，9.103，19.340；P＜0.05）.By the 4^th week post-treatment，compared with baseline，the changes in OSDI and VAS scores for burning/stinging，itching，foreign body sensation，dryness，photophobia，eye pain，and discomfort had statistically significant（t＝-5.22，-8.43，-6.91，-7.85，-8.98，-9.32，-9.16，-13.85；P＜0.05）.The meibomian gland secretion scores（upper lid）at baseline and at 1，2，3，and 4 weeks posttreatment were（5.10±1.87）scores，（3.90±1.30）scores，（3.29±1.55）scores，（3.38±1.66）scores，and（3.14±1.31）scores；lower lid scores were（4.57±1.99）scores，（3.33±1.28）scores，（2.90±1.51）scores，（3.05±1.36）scores，and（2.38±1.07）scores.Meibum quality scores（upper lid）were（5.86±1.82）scores，（4.76±1.41）scores，（4.29±1.79）scores，（3.81±1.36）scores，and（3.57±1.66）scores；lower lid scores were（5.19±2.14）scores，（3.90±1.22）scores，（3.43±1.47）scores，（3.57±1.40）scores，and（3.38±1.43）scores.Fluorescein tear break-up times were（3.21±1.00）scores，（3.73±0.82）scores，（4.06±0.98）scores，（4.62±1.38）scores，and（4.48±0.98）seconds；corneal fluorescein staining scores were（4.76±2.72）scores，（3.24±1.58）scores，（2.90±1.70）scores，（2.67±1.49）scores，and（2.33±1.53）scores.These indicators showed significant differences over time（F＝5.552，6.440，6.559，4.867，6.239，5.393；P＜0.05）.By the 4^th week，compared to baseline，upper lid secretion，lower lid，upper lid meibum quality，lower lid，tear breakup time，and corneal staining had statistically significant the changes（t＝-5.68，-6.42，-6.91，-4.67，6.02，-5.17；P＜0.05）.There was a significant increase between before and after treatment in non-invasive tear break-up time（t＝2.12，P＜0.05）.Non-contact intraocular pressure at baseline，1，2，3，and 4 weeks post-treatment were（13.19±2.79）mmHg（1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa），（13.80±3.29）mmHg，（14.36±2.49）mmHg，（13.31±2.17）mmHg，and（13.51±3.34）mmHg，respectively.It has showed no notable abnormalities or changes in periocular skin or eyelashes，and no patients reported any specific discomfort.

Conclusions

The radio frequency technology had a capacity of improving the secretion function of meibomian gland and tear film stability，effectively alleviate the symptoms and improve the relevant signs of patients with dry eye associated with MGD，and non-adverse reactions.

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy of three corneal astigmatism measurement methods Pentacam SimK＆posterior corneal astigmatism，IOLMaster 700 SimK，and IOLMaster 700 total keratometry（TK）in predicting postoperative refractive outcomes after toric intraocular lens（IOL）implantation.

Methods

A total of 34 patients（34 eyes）with cataracts who underwent phacoemulsification cataract removal combined with Toric IOL implantation at the Ophthalmology Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University from September 2022 to December 2024 were enrolled.Among them，there were15 patients（15 eyes）male and 19 patients（19 eyes）female with an average age of（57.7±16.9）years（ranging from 28 to 83 years）.All patients were examined using three methods：Pentacam measuring SimK combined with posterior corneal surface astigmatism，IOLMaster 700 measuring SimK，and IOLMaster 700 measuring TK.These examinations were conducted for uncorrected distance visual acuity，best corrected visual acuity，subjective refraction results，preoperative axial length，central anterior chamber depth，lens thickness，corneal diameter，and corneal curvature both before surgery and 3 months postoperatively.The obtained corneal astigmatism parameters were substituted into the Barrett Toric IOL calculation formula to compute IOL refractive power and predict postoperative refractive power.The vector method was used to calculate the prediction error（PE），mean absolute error（MAE），centroid error，and error distribution percentage for the three measurement methods 3 months postoperatively.The number and percentage of patients with preoperative with-the-rule（WTR）and against-the-rule（ATR）astigmatism were recorded for the three detection methods.Age，axial length，corneal curvature，IOL refractive power，and MAEall followed a normal distribution and expressed as±s.Paired t test were used for comparisons before and after surgery.Gender，eye side，and error distribution were described using counts（number of eyes）and percentages.One way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the three measurement methods.When the difference was statistically significant，further pairwise comparison was made.Chi square test was used to compare the three measurement methods.

Results

Preoperative corneal astigmatism and postoperative residual corneal astigmatism were（2.76±1.10）Dand（0.65±0.51）D，respectively，with a statistically significant difference（t＝15.760，P＜0.05）.MAE of Pentacam measured posterior surface，Master SimK，and Master TK were（0.63±0.36）D，（0.65±0.35）D，and（0.65±0.39）D，respectively.The Pentacam measured posterior surface had a lower MAE compared to Master SimK，with a statistically significant difference（t＝-2.360，P＜0.05）.Three methods showed centroid errors in the WTR direction，with Master SimK having the largest centroid error of（0.19±0.72）D＠119°.The number of cases with prediction errors within±0.50 D were 20 cases（20 eyes），15 cases（15 eyes），and 17 cases（17 eyes），accounting for 58.8%，44.1%，and 50.0%，respectively.

Conclusions

Compared to IOLMaster 700 SimK，both IOLMaster 700 TK and Pentacam-measured SimK combined with posterior corneal astigmatism provided higher accuracy in predicting postoperative refraction after Toric IOL implantation.Incorporating posterior corneal astigmatismdata can optimize total corneal astigmatism assessment，thereby improving refractive prediction accuracy following Toric IOL surgery.

Objective

To compare the differences and consistency in total ocular and internal higherorder aberrations（HOAs）measured by OPD-scanⅢand iTrace in patients after ICL surgery.

Methods

A total of 96 patients with myopia who underwent ICL surgery at the Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry of Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University from June 2023 to December 2023 were collected.Among them，there were46 male patients（46 eyes）and 50 female patients（50 eyes）with an average age of（28.3±6.2）years（ranging from 20 to 49 years）.OPD-scanⅢand iTrace were used to measure the root mean square values of HOAs，ocular aberrations，ocular coma，ocular trefoil，intraocular HOAs，intraocular spherical aberrations，and intraocular trefoil in the whole eye when the pupil size was 4 mm in a dark environment.After testing，the patient's age，equivalent refractive power，high-order aberration of the whole eye，total ocular aberration，total ocular aberration，total ocular trefoil aberration，intraocular high-order aberration，intraocular spherical aberration，and intraocular trefoil aberration were found to be normally distributed，as indicated by±s.The differences in measurement indicators between the two devices were analyzed using a paired sample t test.The consistency of the measurement indicators between the two devices was analyzed using the Bland-Altman test.

Results

Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean differences（95% limits of agreement）in RMSvalues between OPD-scanⅢand iTrace for total ocular HOAs，total ocular spherical aberration，total ocular coma，total ocular trefoil，internal HOAs，internal spherical aberration，internal coma，and internal trefoil were 0.03（-0.13～0.19）μm，0.01（-0.05～0.07）μm，-0.01（-0.11～0.08）μm，0.06（-0.08～0.21）μm，0.03（-0.15～0.21）μm，0.02（-0.05～0.10）μm，-0.00（-0.15～0.15）μm，and 0.04（-0.11～0.20）μm，respectively.The percentages of points outside the 95% limits of agreement were 5.2% （5/96），3.1% （3/96），3.1% （3/96），7.3% （7/96），3.1% （3/96），4.2% （4/96），6.3% （6/96），and 3.1% （3/96），respectively.The root mean square values of total ocular HOAs，total ocular spherical aberration，total ocular coma，total ocular trefoil，internal HOAs，internal spherical aberration，and internal trefoil measured by OPD-scanⅢand iTrace were（0.231±0.080）μm and（0.199±0.078）μm，（0.042±0.033）μm and（0.034±0.024）μm，（0.067±0.040）μm and（0.080±0.046）μm，（0.191±0.086）μm and（0.131±0.071）μm，（0.202±0.069）μm and（0.171±0.073）μm，（0.074±0.037）μm and（0.049±0.036）μm，and（0.131±0.071）μm and（0.086±0.053）μm，respectively.The differences were statistically significant（t＝3.603，2.400，-2.621，7.603，3.207，6.040，6.216；P＜0.05）.The root mean square values of internal coma measured by OPD-scanⅢand iTrace were（0.081±0.057）μm and（0.083±0.051）μm，respectively，with no statistically significant difference（t＝-0.263，P＞0.05）.

Conclusions

Although the consistency between OPD-scanⅢand iTrace in measuring overall HOAs，overall spherical aberrations，overall coma，overall trefoil aberrations，intraocular HOAs，intraocular spherical aberrations，intraocular coma，and intraocular trefoil aberrations is relatively good，paired test results indicate that，except for intraocular coma，significant differences exist in the measurements of overall HOAs，overall spherical aberrations，overall coma，overall trefoil aberrations，intraocular HOAs，intraocular spherical aberrations，and intraocular trefoil aberrations between the two devices.Given that ordinary patients may not notice minor differences in visual perception，while patients with high-precision visual needs and better night vision needs may perceive these differences more distinctly，it is recommended that，for patients with high-precision visual needs and better night vision needs，except for intraocular coma，the measurement data of overall HOAs，overall spherical aberrations，overall coma，overall trefoil aberrations，intraocular HOAs，intraocular spherical aberrations，intraocular coma，and intraocular trefoil aberrations from OPD ｜scanⅢ and iTrace should not be interchangeably used.

Objective

The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution of pathogenic bacteria and the influencing factors of prognosis of infectious endophthalmitis in Shanxi Province.

Methods

The clinical data of 412 patients（412 eyes）with infectious endophthalmitis diagnosed at Department of Keratology of Shanxi Eye Hospital from 2011 to 2024 were selected.Among them，there were 318 males（318 eyes）and 94 females（94 eyes）with an average age of（52.1±19.4）years（ranging from 1 to 86 years）.Peripheral blood white blood cell count（WBC），neutrophil absolute value（NEUT＃）and peripheral blood neutrophil absolute value-lymphocyte absolute value（NLR）were described by median and upper and lower quartiles when the measurement data did not conform to the normal distribution.Non-parametric test Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups.The data on number of bacterial strains and cause of disease，the distribution，and the drug resistance rate of pathogenic bacteria，strabismus，presence of foreign bodies，residual conditions，retinal detachment，presence of trauma，and time of visit were expressed as the number of cases and percentages and compared using chi-square test between groups.

Results

There were 43 cases（43 eyes），296 cases（296 eyes）and 73 cases（73 eyes）in 1 to≤14 years old，＞14 to≤65 years old and ＞65 to 86 years old，accounting for 10.4%，71.8% and 17.7%，respectively.The main pathogens were Streptococcus，Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus epidermidis.Among 412 cases（412 eyes）with infectious endophthalmitis，283 cases（283 eyes）were traumatic endophthalmitis，and 126 cases（126 eyes）were infected by intraocular surgery，accounting for 68.7% and 30.6%，respectively.Prognostic visual acuity was≥0.1 in 151 cases（151 eyes）and＜0.1 in 261 cases（261 eyes），accounting for 36.6%，63.4%.Among the patients with infectious endophthalmitis，there were 331 strains of gram-positive bacteria，78 strains of gram-negative bacteria and 3 strains of fungi，respectively，accounting for 80.3%，18.9% and 0.7%，respectively.Among them，Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus were the main gram-positive bacteria，accounting for 47.3%and 22.2%，respectively；gram-negative bacteria were mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa，accounting for 17.9%.The main pathogenic bacteria of traumatic endophthalmitis was Staphylococcus epidermidis，accounting for 49.1%.The median and quartile of WBC，NEUT＃and NLRin patients with visual acuity≥0.1 were 6.77（6.19，7.76）×10⁹/L，5.11（3.24，5.49）×10⁹/L and 3.75（3.13，4.49）×10⁹/L，respectively；those of patients with prognostic visual acuity＜0.1 were 9.21（7.83，9.93）×10⁹/L，5.52（5.01，6.01）×10⁹/L and 4.29（3.88，4.88）×10⁹/L.There was a statistically significant difference between them（Z＝-11.563，-6.562，-5.323；P＜0.05）.There were 77 cases（77 eyes）with prognostic visual acuity≥0.1 in the right eye，92 cases（92 eyes）with visiting time≥24 h，88 cases（88 eyes）with trauma and 141 cases（141 eyes）with initial visual acuity ＜0.1，5 cases（5 eyes）with residual foreign body and 11 cases（11 eyes）with retinal detachment，accouting for 51.0%，60.9%，58.3%，93.4%，3.3% and 7.3%；the prognosis of patients with visual acuity＜0.1 were 136 cases（136 eyes），192 cases（192 eyes），195 cases（195 eyes），255 cases（255 eyes），13 cases（13 eyes）and 50 cases（50 eyes），respectively，accouting for 52.1%，73.6%，74.7%，97.7%，5.0% and 19.2%.There were significant differences in the initial visual acuity，treatment time，retinal detachment and trauma between the groups（χ²＝0.029，0.008，0.001，0.001；P＜0.05）.

Conclusions

Infectious endophthalmitis in Shanxi Province is mainly traumatic endophthalmitis，and the pathogenic bacteria are mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis.The incidence of infectious endophthalmitis after ocular rupture is high.WBC，NEUT＃，NLR，initial visual acuity，visiting time，retinal detachment and trauma were the influencing factors of visual prognosis.

Swept-source optical coherence tomography（SS-OCT），with its rapid scanning speed and high resolution，has significantly enhanced both the breadth and depth of vitreoretinal interface（VRI）imaging，substantially advancing our understanding，diagnosis，and treatment of VRI-related disorders.SSOCT enables comprehensive imaging and assessment of the posterior precortical vitreous pocket（PPVP），posterior vitreous detachment（PVD），and vitreous cortex remnant（VCR）that remain adherent to the retinal surface due to incomplete PVD.The PPVP，serving as an early indicator of vitreous liquefaction，exhibits morphological changes that are intimately associated with the dynamic progression of PVD.Different stages or states of PVD significantly influence the development，treatment，and prognosis of macular diseases，including age-related macular degeneration（AMD），macular edema，macular hole，epiretinal membrane，and high myopia.Notably，VCR represent a crucial factor affecting the therapeutic outcomes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment（rRD）.The recent advances in VRI-related diseases through an analysis of anatomical characteristics and pathological mechanisms were reviewed comprehensively.

Central serous chorioretinopathy（CSC）is characterized by localized，serous retinal detachment，most affect at the macular，usually associated with pigment epithelial detachments（PED），retinal pigment epithelial（rPE）dysfunction，and choroidal thickening，hyperpermeability and venous overload.The etiological mechanism and pathogenesis of CSC are not yet completely understood，but choroidal lesions and RPEdysfunction are integral to its entire pathological progression.The treatment always focuses on resolving the retinal detachment，but choroid lesions in CSC are still in difficulties.The progress of choroid disease in CSC was reviewed in this paper.

Meibomian gland dysfunction（MGD）is the most prevalent cause of dry eye disease（DED）.It is a chronic，diffuse condition that falls under ocular surface diseases and is highly prevalent in clinical practice.The etiology of MGD is multifactorial，and currently，there is no consensus on its exact origins.Elucidating the pathogenesis of MGD is crucial for improving clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies.Recently，it has been demonstrated that the partial pathogenesis of MGD was investigated both domestically and internationally，and was reviewed comprehensively in this paper.