Pterygium, as a common global ocular surface disease, affects patients′ vision and appearance, and can lead to blindness in severe cases. The common surgical methods currently include simple pterygium excision, pterygium transposition, corneal limbal stem cell combined with autologous conjunctival transplantation, and amniotic membrane transplantation. Although its surgical therapy has undergone evolution, postoperative recurrence and complications remain the core challenges that plague patients and clinical physicians. The choice of surgical timing, procedure, and postoperative complication management is related to the patient's postoperative ocular surface stability and recurrence rate. Evidence based medicine should be followed to comprehensively consider the progression of pterygium and its impact on the patient's visual function and quality of life. The reconstructive surgical technique represented by corneal limbal stem cell combined with conjunctival transplantation can effectively reduce the postoperative recurrence rate and is the cornerstone of current pterygium surgical therapy. The management of postoperative recurrence and surgical related complications such as dry eye is the key to ensuring long-term efficacy. In the future, personalized therapies combining new biological therapies and tissue engineering achievements will be the development direction for precise and minimally invasive treatment of pterygium.

The aim of this study is to observe the visual quality after mix-and-match implantation of bifocal and extended depth-of-focus intraocular lenses (IOLs) versus bilateral bifocal IOL implantation.

A total of 46 patients (92 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from June 2023 to September 2024 were enrolled. Among them, there were 20 males (40 eyes) and 26 females (52 eyes); their ages ranged from 16 to 80 years, with an average age of (51.6±15.2) years. According to the type of implanted IOL, they were divided into a hybrid group of 20 cases (40 eyes) and a bifocal group of 26 cases (52 eyes). In the hybrid group, the dominant eye was implanted with a TECNIS Symfony ZXR00 EDoF IOL, while the non-dominant eye was implanted with a Tecnis ZMB00 bifocal IOL; in the bifocal group, both eyes were implanted with Tecnis ZMB00 IOL. At 6 months postoperatively, uncorrected distance, intermediate, and near visual acuities, defocus curves, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity, dynamic visual acuity, and subjective visual quality were compared between the two groups. After shapiro-wilk test for normality of measurement data, age, area under defocus curve, stereoacuity and subjective visual quality (average score of the scale) conformed to normal distribution and were described by ±s . Uncorrected long-range vision, uncorrected medium-range vision, uncorrected short-range vision, subjective visual quality (mean score of difference events) and other non conformities to the normal distribution were described by M(P25, P75). The counting data of gender, mirror removal rate and optical interference phenomenon were described by frequency and percentage (%). The contrast sensitivity, uncorrected long-range DVA, uncorrected medium-range DVA and uncorrected short-range DVA at different visual target speeds of the two groups were not uniform. The normal distribution was described by ±s and M(P25, P75).

At 6 months postoperatively, the uncorrected intermediate visual acuity, uncorrected distance visual acuity, and uncorrected near visual acuity in the mix-and-match group were 0.00 (-0.08, 0.00) logMAR, -0.10 (-0.20, -0.10) logMAR, and 0.00 (-0.07, 0.00) logMAR, respectively; while those in the bifocal group were 0.21 (0.10, 0.30) logMAR, -0.04 (-0.10, 0.00) logMAR, and 0.00 (-0.02, 0.10) logMAR, respectively. The area under the defocus curve was (1.54±0.19) D·logMAR in the mix-and-match group and (1.03±0.17) D·logMAR in the bifocal group. Under specific spatial frequencies under photopic, photopic with glare, and scotopic with glare conditions, contrast sensitivity was higher in the mix-and-match group than in the bifocal group. The mix-and-match group showed superior distance, intermediate, and near dynamic visual acuity (DVA) at medium and high speeds compared to the bifocal group. Stereopsis was (24.75±10.57)″ in the mix-and-match group and (26.92±9.60)″ in the bifocal group. The VF-14-CN scores were (98.15±2.64) scores and (97.12±3.03) scores , respectively. The proportion of patients without optical disturbances was 70.00% (14/20) in the mix-and-match group and 46.15% (12/26) in the bifocal group. The spectacle independence rate was 95.00% (19/20) in the mix-and-match group and 88.46% (23/26) in the bifocal group.

The mix-and-match implantation of bifocal and extended depth-of-focus IOLs can provide better intermediate and distance visual acuity, photopic contrast sensitivity, medium-to-high-speed dynamic visual acuity, and subjective visual satisfaction while maintaining good near visual acuity and stereoacuity. It represents an effective strategy for refractive cataract surgery.

The aim of this study is to investigate the specific molecular mechanism of high myopia (HM) is correlated with a lower risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

A total of 18 patients who visited the Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University from March to October 2019 were enrolled as study subjects, including 10 males and 8 females with a mean age of (70.1±4.3) years (ranging from 64 to 77 years). Blood samples were collected from 6 patients with HM, 6 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and 6 control subjects. Extracellular vesicles were isolated and characterized, then proteomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with label-free quantification. Bioinformatics methods, including Gene Ontology functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment, were applied to analyze the functions of the differentially expressed proteins. Additionally, a form-deprivation myopia mouse model and a DR mouse model were established, and key proteins were validated by Western blot.

A total of 852 proteins of extracellular vesicles were identified in the proteomic data. Compared with control subjects, 16 specific proteins were identified in plasma extracellular vesicle specimens from HM patients and 6 specific proteins from PDR patients, with 700 common proteins. A total of 25 differentially expressed proteins were found. Compared with control subjects, HM patients had 75 differentially expressed proteins, including 20 up-regulated proteins and 55 down-regulated proteins. These proteins were mainly enriched in immune response and extracellular matrix-related pathways. Among them, the key protein E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy homolog (ITCH) was up-regulated in the HM group and down-regulated in the PDR group. The protein-protein interaction network of differential proteins in HM patients compared with control subjects contained 46 nodes and 320 edges. The differential proteins in HM patients compared with PDR patients contained 69 nodes and 676 edges in the protein-protein interaction network. A consistent expression trend occurred in scleral tissues of animal models.

HM may potentially inhibit the occurrence and progression of DR, and ITCH is likely involved in this process by regulating inflammatory pathways and retinal angiogenesis. The differential expression of ITCH in the two diseases and its underlying mechanistic pathways provide a new perspective for explaining the clinical observation that diabetic patients with HM tend to have milder DR and a lower risk of its progression.

The aim of this study is to review the research status, hotspots, and developmental trends in the application of optogenetics for visual neural rehabilitation in ophthalmology.

English literatures on the application of optogenetics in ophthalmic visual nerve rehabilitation from the establishment of the Web of Science Core Collection to December 2025 were retrieved. After data deduplication, standardized processing and bibliometric analysis were performed on publication year, research institutions, authors, journal sources, keywords and other indicators. VOSviewer, CiteSpace and the Bibliometrix R package were adopted to construct visual mapping graphs, and further analyzed the distribution of publishing journals, national/regional research layout, research collaboration networks of institutions and authors, core authors, high-frequency keyword co-occurrence network, keyword thematic map, as well as the temporal ranking of keyword bursts.

A total of 258 English literatures were finally included. The average annual publication output increased significantly after 2015, reaching peak values of 31 publications in 2022 and 32 publications in 2025 respectively. The publications were distributed across 148 journals, mainly including comprehensive journals, neuroscience journals and ophthalmology journals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences published 11 articles, accounting for 4.12% of the total. Among the literatures on the application of optogenetics in ophthalmic visual nerve rehabilitation, scholars from the United States contributed 85 articles, followed by the United Kingdom with 34 articles; French publications had an average citation of 58.84 times, representing the highest paper quality. The University of Oxford published the largest number of articles with 19. A total of 1069 authors were involved in the included literatures. Scholar Sahel Jose-Alain published the most papers with 18, which have been cited 1603 times. The research cluster formed by the team of Picaud Serge was the largest collaboration cluster. A total of 363 keywords were extracted via CiteSpace keyword network mapping analysis of the English literatures. Ten keyword nodes including gene therapy, retinitis pigmentosa, channelrhodopsin-2, ganglion cells, visual function, retinal degeneration, expression, responses, aav vector and in vivo had a betweenness centrality greater than 0.1. Keyword burst analysis showed that the burst strength of photoreceptor degeneration was 8.87; it also had the longest burst duration, spanning from 2011 to 2017.

Research on the application of optogenetics in visual neural rehabilitation in ophthalmology is currently in a phase of rapid growth. Hotspots include gene therapy, mechanisms of retinal diseases, and regulation of visual responses. Future trends are expected to focus on the exploration and application of cutting-edge technologies such as stem cells, CRISPR gene editing, and neuroprotection.

The aim of this study is to develop and validate a dry eye risk prediction model for adults with refractive error.

A total of 402 adults (402 eyes) with refractive error who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from June 2024 to May 2025 were enrolled as study subjects. Among them, there were 91 males (91 eyes) and 311 females (311 eyes) with a mean age of (51.8±14.5) years (ranging from 18 to 79 years). Demographic, lifestyle, and clinical data were collected through questionnaires and ophthalmic examinations. Using the random sorting function in Excel, all data were randomly divided into a training set (282 cases, 282 eyes) and a validation set (120 cases, 120 eyes) at a ratio of 7: 3. Variables with P<0.05 in univariate analysis were included to construct a logistic regression-based dry eye risk prediction model for adults with refractive error. Calibration curves were used to validate the goodness-of-fit of the model. Continuous variables that followed a normal distribution were expressed as ±s, with intergroup comparisons using independent sample t-tests; variables not following a normal distribution were expressed as median (Q1, Q3), with intergroup comparisons using rank sum tests. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage, with intergroup comparisons using chi-square tests, or Fisher′s exact test. Univariate logistic regression analysis was first performed for all categorical variables, and variables with P<0.05 were entered into the multivariate Logistic regression model. Based on this, a clinical prediction model was established and a nomogram was drawn. Decision curve analysis was used to evaluate the clinical applicability of the model.

The prevalence of dry eye was 42.2% in the training set and 44.2% in the validation set.Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed in the training set (282 cases, 282 eyes), and statistically significant variables were then entered into the multivariate Logistic regression model. Effective refractive correction was a strongly associated factor; the risk of dry eye in those with refractive correction was significantly lower than in those without correction (OR=0.172, 95%CI: 0.101 to 0.290, P<0.05). Myopia and presbyopia were both positively associated with dry eye (OR=1.644 and 2.00; 95%CI: 1.021 to 2.647 and 1.149 to 3.483; P<0.05). Consuming fewer than three types of nutrient-rich foods daily was associated with dry eye risk (OR=2.645, 95%CI: 1.058 to 6.612, P<0.05). The effective refractive correction, myopia, presbyopia, and consuming fewer than three types of nutrient-rich foods were entered into the multivariate logistic regression model. After adjusting for confounders, effective refractive correction, myopia, and presbyopia remained independent factors for dry eye (OR_adjusted=0.157, 1.715, and 1.928; 95%CI: 0.090 to 0.273, 1.003 to 2.931, and 1.039 to 3.575; P<0.05). The area under the curve of the model was 0.766 (95%CI: 0.711 to 0.821) in the training set and 0.781 (95%CI: 0.699 to 0.863) in the validation set. Calibration was good, and decision curve analysis showed a net clinical benefit across a wide range of threshold probabilities.

The nomogram-based dry eye risk prediction model constructed has a good predictive performance and clinical applicability. It reveals that refractive factors such as uncorrected refractive error, myopia, and presbyopia are core independent risk factors for dry eye in adults with refractive error. Timely and effective refractive correction plays a key role in dry eye prevention and helps promote individualized and early intervention in dry eye management.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an essential diagnostic modality for macular diseases. However, conventional OCT is limited by ocular aberrances, with a lateral resolution of only 15 to 20 μm, which prevents cellular-level imaging. Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) achieves real-time aberration correction, yielding an isotropic three-dimensional resolution of 2 to 3 μm and enabling in vivo visualization of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and retinal microvessels. In this paper, the technical principles, developmental history, and clinical application value of AO-OCT in macular diseases including age-related macular degeneration, hereditary macular dystrophies, and diabetic macular edema were systematically reviewed. Meanwhile, the advantages and disadvantages of AO-OCT are compared with those of conventional OCT, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO). In the future, AO-OCT is expected to become a pivotal tool for early diagnosis, precise subtyping, longitudinal monitoring, and therapeutic efficacy evaluation of macular diseases, demonstrating promising prospects for clinical translation.

Amniotic membrane transplantation is currently one of the methods for ocular surface reconstruction. However, due to deficiency of supporting force and low mechanical strength, amniotic membrane cannot meet the demands of practical clinical applications. Although electrospun nanofibers exhibit good mechanical properties, they lack the necessary biological activity. Therefore, combining the advantages and disadvantages of both to construct a biosynthetic composite scaffold is currently a trend. In this paper, three composite strategies, namely physical blending, surface modification, and layered structure design, as well as their synergistic mechanisms were reviewed in detail. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of this composite material from three aspects were reviewed: optical transparency, mechanical stability, and immune microenvironment regulation, offering a new technological approach for ocular surface reconstruction.

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the leading causes of common ocular symptoms including dry eye, burning sensation, photophobia and epiphora induced by wind. As a crucial pathological phenotype of MGD, meibomian gland atrophy can trigger more severe ocular discomfort in patients. In recent years, affected by multiple factors such as adverse eye habits, environmental changes and unhealthy lifestyles, the overall prevalence of meibomian gland atrophy has been rising steadily. Clinically, its affected population shows a distinct younger-onset trend. At present, there is a lack of curative therapeutic strategies that can effectively reverse glandular damage and promote the tissue regeneration of atrophic meibomian glands. A variety of risk factors, including aging, systemic diseases, chronic ocular inflammation, medication effects, environmental irritation and unhealthy ocular behaviors, also participate in and accelerate the occurrence and progression of meibomian gland atrophy. The research progress on risk factors of meibomian gland atrophy at home and abroad were reviewed, aiming to provide novel insights for the research on its pathogenesis and clinical treatment.

The previous view was that glaucoma is a simple visual channel disease that requires less attention to the psychological and social well-being of patients. Numerous epidemiological evidences indicate that the prevalence of anxiety or depression in glaucoma patients is much higher than that in the general population. Anxiety or depression is a risk factor for the onset and development of glaucoma, and the two interact with each other, even forming a vicious cycle. The mechanism of mutual promotion between the two includes neuroendocrine factors, autonomic factors, and psychosocial factors. Meanwhile, the association between glaucoma and anxiety or depression is influenced by demographic factors, physical factors, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Current research has confirmed a bidirectional association between glaucoma and anxiety or depression. This emphasizes the necessity of incorporating mental health assessment into the routine diagnosis and treatment system in the clinical management of glaucoma.