At present, the focus of myopia prevention and control in clinical practice has shifted from single refractive correction to delaying pathological axial growth and preventing complications caused by high myopia. The existing treatment methods have lagging indicators, homogenization of intervention methods, and a lack of hierarchical management mechanisms for the entire life cycle; With the emergence of new myopia biomarkers such as the ratio of axial curvature to corneal curvature radius (AL/CR), choroidal microcirculation parameters, repeated low-dose red light irradiation, and combination therapy for myopia management, it is urgent to develop a systematic and personalized myopia prevention and control system. The establishment of an early prediction model for myopia, the selection of indications for new prevention and control technologies, and the design of a " tiered" personalized diagnosis and treatment strategy were reviewed, with the hope of promoting myopia prevention and control towards precision medicine.

The aim of this study is to compare static visual acuity (SVA) and dynamic visual acuity (DVA) in cataract patients following implantation of bifocal or extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lense (IOL).

A total of 45 patients (69 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation at the Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from January to December 2024 were enrolled. The cohort comprised 18 males (24 eyes) and 27 females (45 eyes) with a mean age of (62.8±4.6) years (ranging from 55 to 73 years). Patients were divided into two groups based on the IOL type implanted: bifocal IOL, and EDOF IOL, the former patients were received bifocal IOL, and later patients were received EDOF IOL. At 3 months postoperatively, the following parameters were measured: static uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), and near visual acuity (UNVA); dynamic uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDDVA), intermediate dynamic visual acuity (UIDVA), and near dynamic visual acuity (UNDVA) under horizontal motion at speeds of 15, 30, 60, and 90 degrees per second (dps); and kinetic visual acuity (KVA) at speeds of 5, 10, 20, and 30 km/h. Defocus curves were also plotted. SVA, DVA, and KVA were expressed as median (interquartile range). Intergroup comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The correlation between dynamic and static visual acuity was analyzed using Spearman′s rank correlation.

At 3 months postoperatively, the UIVA in the EDOF IOL group was 0.05 (0.10) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), which was significantly better than the 0.30 (0.08)logMAR in the bifocal IOL group (U=45.0, P<0.05). Conversely, the UNVA in the bifocal IOL group was 0.15 (0.11)logMAR, significantly better than the 0.22 (0.08)logMAR in the EDOF IOL group (U=996.0, P<0.05). Regarding DVA, the UIDVA for the EDOF IOL group at 15, 30, 60, and 90 dps were 0.10 (0.10)logMAR, 0.15 (0.12)logMAR, 0.15 (0.07)logMAR, and 0.30 (0.08)logMAR, respectively. These values were superior to those of the bifocal IOL group, which were 0.30 (0.14)logMAR, 0.30 (0.10)logMAR, 0.40 (0.10)logMAR, and 0.40 (0.12)logMAR, respectively, with the differences being statistically significant (U=24.0, 34.5, 27.0, 120.0; all P>0.05). The UNDVA for the bifocal IOL group at 15, 30, 60, and 90 dps were 0.15 (0.12)logMAR, 0.22 (0.15)logMAR, 0.22 (0.08)logMAR, and 0.30 (0.10)logMAR, respectively. These were superior to the corresponding values in the EDOF IOL group, which were 0.30 (0.08)logMAR, 0.30 (0.06)logMAR, 0.35 (0.10)logMAR, and 0.52 (0.12)logMAR, with the differences being statistically significant (U=961.0, 922.0, 938.5, 985.0; all P>0.05). During testing at far and near distances, a significant correlation was observed between DVA and the corresponding SVA at speeds of 15, 30, and 60 dps in both groups (P < 0.05). At 3 months postoperatively, the defocus curve results indicated that at -1.5 D, the visual acuity in the EDOF IOL group was 0.22 (0.18)logMAR, significantly better than the 0.40 (0.15)logMAR in the bifocal IOL group (U=114.5, P<0.05). At -3.0 D, the visual acuity in the bifocal IOL group was 0.15 (0.12)logMAR, which was significantly better than the 0.40 (0.10)logMAR in the EDOF IOL group (U=1135.0, P<0.05).

Both IOL types provided good distance SVA and DVA. Bifocal IOL demonstrated superior near SVA and DVA, whereas EDOF IOL demonstrated superior intermediate SVA and DVA. Comprehensive assessment of both SVA and DVA may aid in optimizing IOL selection for cataract patients.

The aim of this study is to compare the diagnostic performance of peripapillary and macular structural and perfusion parameters obtained by swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in high myopia with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), and to develop a parsimonious combined diagnostic model.

A total of 239 patients (239 eyes) with HM who attended the Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, from June 2022 to December 2024 and completed the relevant examinations were enrolled in the study. Among them, 97 were male (97 eyes) and 142 were female (142 eyes) with a mean of (53.1±8.6) years (ranging from 32 to 68 years). According to the presence or absence of OAG, the participants were divided into the HM group and the HM combined with OAG group (HMG group). Age, gender, spherical equivalent, axial length (AL), and visual field indices were recorded. OCT and OCTA were used to obtain parameters including peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density, macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness and loss volume indices, superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vessel density, and deep capillary plexus (DCP) vessel density. After Shapiro-Wilk normality testing, data were expressed as ±s, and comparisons between the two groups were performed using the independent-samples t test. The Benjamini-Hochberg method was used for false discovery rate correction of sectoral structural and blood flow parameters. Gender was expressed as number of cases and percentage and compared using the χ² test. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and differences in AUC were compared using the DeLong test. The indicators with significant statistical significance of AUC were selected to enter the multivariate Logistic regression model, and the simplified joint diagnosis model was constructed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Multicollinearity was evaluated by variance expansion factor, and variance expansion factor<5 was acceptable.

There were no statistically significant differences between the HM group 117 patients (117 eyes) and the HMG group 122 patients(122 eyes) in age, AL, spherical equivalent refraction, or central corneal thickness (t=-1.63, -1.50, 0.97, 0.8; P>0.05). However, the differences in mean deviation and pattern standard deviation of the visual field between the HMG and HM groups were statistically significant (t=15.3, -11.9; P<0.05). The global peripapillary RNFL thickness in the HMG group was (83.5±11.6) μm, which was lower than that in the HM group (94.2±10.2) μm, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (t=7.58, adjusted P<0.05), with an AUC of 0.76 (95%CI: 0.70 to 0.82). Quadrant analysis showed that the differences in superior and inferior RNFL thickness in the HMG group were both statistically significant (t=7.61 and 12.85; adjusted P<0.05). The global peripapillary RPC density in the HMG group was (47.1±5.1) %, which was lower than that in the HM group (49.2±3.4)%, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (t=3.76, adjusted P<0.05), with an AUC of 0.63 (95%CI: 0.56 to 0.70). Among these, inferior quadrant RPC density had the highest AUC (AUC=0.79, 95%CI: 0.73 to 0.84). The temporal quadrant RPC density in the HMG group was (44.8±4.5) %, which was close to that in the HM group (45.2±3.8)%, with no statistically significant difference (t=0.74, adjusted P>0.05). Among macular structural parameters, the global average GCC thickness in the HMG group was (85.1±10.5) μm, lower than that in the HM group (92.4±8.2) μm, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (t=6.00, adjusted P<0.05), with an AUC of 0.71 (95%CI: 0.64 to 0.77). The GLV in the HMG group was (14.2±6.8) %, higher than that in the HM group (4.2±3.2) %, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (t=-14.65, adjusted P<0.05), with an AUC of 0.88 (95%CI: 0.85 to 0.91). Analysis of macular blood flow parameters showed that, in the SCP, the inferior inner-ring vessel density in the HMG group was (44.5±5.2)%, lower than that in the HM group (47.8±3.9)%, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (t=5.57, adjusted P<0.05); its discriminatory performance was the best among all SCP sectors, with an AUC of 0.69 (95%CI: 0.62 to 0.76). At the DCP level, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in any inner-ring or outer-ring sector (t=1.11, 1.93, 0.69, 0.99, 1.73, 2.20, 0.64, 0.93; adjusted P>0.05). Based on the screening results of single indicators, stepwise multivariable logistic regression models were constructed. Model 1 included inferior peripapillary RNFL thickness and had an AUC of 0.850 (95%CI: 0.810 to 0.890). Compared with Model 1, Model 2 additionally included GLV, and the AUC increased to 0.928 (95%CI: 0.895 to 0.961), with a statistically significant difference compared with Model 1 (DeLong test P<0.05). Compared with Model 2, Model 3 additionally included inner inferior macular SCP capillary density, and the AUC increased to 0.946 (95%CI: 0.918 to 0.974), with a statistically significant difference (DeLong test P<0.05).

Inferior peripapillary RNFL thickness, macular GLV, and inferior inner-ring macular SCP vessel density all have good value for glaucoma discrimination in HM patients. The combination of multimodal structural and blood flow parameters can significantly improve diagnostic performance and provide a basis for the auxiliary diagnosis of HM combined with OAG.

The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of static fine color discrimination and dynamic color vision in patients with high myopia under different wavelength conditions.

A total of 34 patients (68 eyes) with high myopia who attended the Ophthalmology Clinic of Peking University Third Hospital between July 2025, and September 2025, were enrolled. Among them, there were 11 males (22 eyes) and 23 females (46 eyes), with ages ranging from 14 to 67 years and a median age of 30 (25.5, 39.25) years. Under standard lighting conditions, participants underwent measure ments of static fine color vision, including the minimum discriminable color difference and recognition time across seven visible light bands (red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet). Dynamic color visual acuity (DCVA) was assessed under six color stimuli (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet) at angular velocities of 20, 40, 60, and 80 degrees per second (dps). Continuous variables conforming to a normal distribution (DCVA) were expressed as ±s. Non-normally distributed continuous variables, including age, spherical equivalent of the left and right eyes, wavelength thresholds for static fine color vision (minimum discriminable color difference), and reaction time, were expressed as medians (interquartile range). Color vision data were analyzed using ANOVA to test the main effects of variables and their interactions. In the repeated measures ANOVA, Mauchly′s test of sphericity was used to assess the sphericity assumption. When the sphericity assumption was met, univariate repeated measures ANOVA results were used for statistical inference; otherwise, multivariate test results were used as the primary basis for statistical inference.

The minimum discriminable color differences for violet, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, and red were 2 (0, 2)nm, 2 (0, 2)nm, 2 (0, 2)nm, 2 (2, 7)nm, 2 (1, 2)nm, 1 (1, 3)nm, and 27 (20, 41)nm, respectively, with statistically significant differences between groups (F=86.520, P<0.05). The corresponding reaction times for these color bands were 14 (9.5, 19)seconds, 10 (6.5, 14)seconds, 12 (7, 15)seconds, 11 (7, 20)seconds, 11 (7.5, 21)seconds, 13 (10, 20.5)seconds, and 31 (18, 47) seconds, respectively, showing statistically significant differences between groups (F=17.206, P<0.05). At an angular velocity of 20 dps, 40 dps, 60 dps, 80 dps, DCVA for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet were (0.40±0.33)logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), (0.49±0.30)logMAR, (0.69±0.26)logMAR, (0.70±0.29)logMAR, (0.36±0.37)logMAR, (0.34±0.39)logMAR, (0.50±0.38)logMAR, (0.63±0.27)logMAR, (0.76±0.29)logMAR, (0.82±0.26)logMAR, (0.39±0.42)logMAR, (0.41±0.39)logMAR, (0.48±0.40)logMAR, (0.59±0.35)logMAR, (0.78±0.33)logMAR, (0.88±0.31)logMAR, (0.40±0.33)logMAR, and (0.41±0.38)logMAR, (0.39±0.40)logMAR, (0.57±0.31)logMAR, (0.68±0.33)logMAR, (0.86±0.30)logMAR, (0.31±0.41)logMAR, and (0.31±0.39)logMAR, respectively, with statistically significant differences between groups (F=48.728, 23.85, 29.909, 220.31; P<0.05). Repeated measures ANOVA showed the interaction effect was statistically significant (F=2.401, P<0.05).

Patients with high myopia exhibit marked wavelength-dependent differences in static fine color discrimination. DCVA is highly associated with color, showing selective differences across wavelengths. Assessment of dynamic color vision may contribute to a more comprehensive evaluation of functional visual characteristics in high myopia.

The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics of age-related cataract (ARC) patients in ultraviolet-irradiated areas and the role and mechanism of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) content in aqueous humor.

From July 2024 to July 2025, 140 ARC patients (140 eyes) who visited Peking University Third Hospital (Beijing), Tibet Autonomous Region People′s Hospital (Lhasa), Chifeng Songshan Hospital (Chifeng), Kezuo Banner Hospital (Tongliao) and Xilinhot Xilingol League Central Hospital were enrolled. Among them, there were 83 patients (83 eyes) female and 57 male (57 eyes) with a mean age of (69.7±9.3) years (ranging from 51 to 89 years ). According to the mean annual accumulated ultraviolet radiation from 2011—2014, subjects were classified into low-ultraviolet groups, medium-ultraviolet groups, and high-ultraviolet groups. According to age, patients were divided into the 50 to <65, ≥65 to <75, ≥75 to <85, and ≥85 groups. All ARC patients underwent routine preoperative cataract examinations before enrollment, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), slit-lamp microscopy, and fundus examination. History of high myopia, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease was queried and recorded. Continuous variables that passed tests for normality (age, BCVA, IOP, GPX, etc.) are described as ±s, between-group comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, and when differences were statistically significant, pairwise comparisons were further performed using the Bonferroni method. Comparisons between two groups for binary variables used the Mann-Whitney U test; comparisons among multiple groups for ordinal variables used the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Categorical data such as sex and laterality are presented as counts and percentages and compared using the chi-square test. Correlations between continuous variables and ordered categorical variables were assessed with Spearman′s correlation coefficient; correlations between continuous variables were assessed with Pearson′s correlation coefficient. Multivariate linear regression was used to explore factors influencing GPX.

The proportions of patients with cortical opacity >3 scores in the low, medium, and high UV groups were 23.2%, 29.2%, and 44.4%, respectively; the proportions with posterior subcapsular opacity scores >3 were 32.1%, 58.3%, and 75.0%, respectively. The distributions of cortical opacity grading and posterior subcapsular opacity grading differed significantly (H= 6.45, 15.74; P<0.05), whereas nuclear opacity grading showed no significant difference (H=3.78, P> 0.05). The BCVA in the low, medium, and high UV groups were (0.84±0.78) logarithmic minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), (1.53±0.85) logMAR, and (1.81±0.86) logMAR, respectively, with significant differences among groups (F=17.46, P<0.05); pairwise comparisons between low vs. medium and low vs. high UV groups were both statistically significant (adjusted P<0.05). Aqueous humor GPX levels in the low, medium, and high UV groups were (332.19±187.74) U/ml, (292.98±177.55) U/ml, and (183.76±144.06) U/ml, respectively, with significant differences among groups (F=8.16, P<0.05). Pairwise comparisons of low vs. high and medium vs. high UV groups were both significant (adjusted P< 0.05). There was no significant difference in IOP among the low, medium, and high UV groups (F=1.89, P>0.05). The proportion of patients with ≤ 3 scores in 50 to <65 group, ≤ 65 to <75 group, ≤ 75 to <85 group and ≥ 85 group were 74.4%, 72.5%, 54.5% and 30.8%, respectively; The proportion of patients with of 3 to 5 scores in 50 to <65 group, ≤ 65 to <75 group, ≤ 75 to <85 group and ≥ 85 group were 20.9%, 17.6%, 33.3% and 38.4%, respectively; The proportion of patients with ≥ 5 scores in 50 to <65 group, ≤ 65 to <75 group, ≤ 75 to <85 group and ≥ 85 group was > 4.7%, 9.8%, 12.1% and 30.8%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the grading distribution of nuclear opacity in arc patients at different ages ( H=12.11, P<0.05). GPX level was significantly negatively correlated with UV grading, cortical opacity grading, nuclear opacity grading, posterior subcapsular opacity grading, and BCVA (r= -0.33, -0.36, -0.18, -0.27, -0.27; P<0.05), and showed no significant correlation with age or IOP (r= 0.007, -0.005; P>0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that UV grading and cortical opacity grading were independent negative predictors of aqueous humor GPX level (β= -50.45, -62.87, 95%CI: -90.60 to -10.31, -109.14 to -16.60; t=-2.49, -2.69; P<0.05), whereas nuclear opacity grading and posterior subcapsular opacity grading did not significantly affect aqueous humor GPX level (β=16.56, -18.40, 95%CI: -35.20 to 68.32, -59.03 to 20.02; t=-0.63, -0.98; P>0.05).

Long-term exposure to UV radiation reduces aqueous humor GPX levels in ARC patients, impairs ocular antioxidant stress capacity, and is closely associated with aggravated cortical and posterior subcapsular opacities and visual acuity decline. UV radiation grade and cortical opacity grading are key factors affecting aqueous humor GPX levels.

Explore the correlation between axial length/corneal radius ratio (AL/CR) and refractive error, and evaluate the accuracy of AL/CR in predicting pre-myopia in children.

The study selected 4544 cases (9088 eyes) of children aged 4 to 12 years old from kindergartens and primary schools in Weihai City and Guan County, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, who had complete refractive and ocular biological parameter data from the " Shandong Children's Eye Disease Research" project in September to December 2012 as the research subjects. Among them, there were 2451 males (4902 eyes) and 2093 females (4186 eyes); The age range is 4 to 12 years old, with an average age of (8.5 ± 2.2) years. All subjects were examined for refraction, axial length (AL), and corneal curvature radius (CR) before cycloplegia, and auto-refraction was performed after cycloplegia. The data obtained from the detection or calculation of equivalent spherical refraction, axial length, corneal curvature radius, and AL/CR ratio conforms to a normal distribution after normality testing, represented by ±s. The comparison of refractive error, AL, and CR among different age groups was conducted using one-way analysis of variance. The correlation between equivalent spherical (SE) refraction and AL/CR ratio, as well as AL and CR, was analyzed using Spearman correlation analysis. Draw receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculate the optimal cut off value, sensitivity, specificity, youden index, and area under the curve (AUC). The ROC curve analysis results were drawn using cycloplegic refraction with -0.50 D<SE ≤+ 0.75 D as the diagnostic criteria for pre-myopia and AL/CR ratio as the indicator for diagnosing pre-myopia to evaluate its diagnostic efficacy.

Among all 4544 right eyes (4544 eyes) examined, 1481 cases (1481 eyes) were diagnosed with pre-myopia, accounting for 32.6%; the prevalence of pre myopia in all subjects is within the age range of 4 to 12 years old, and shows an increasing trend with age. Among them, the number of cases and pre-myopia cases (percentage) among 112 cases aged 4 were 21 out of 112, accounting for 18.8%; out of 354 cases aged 569 cases accounted for 19.5%; out of 435 cases aged 696 cases accounted for 22.1%; out of 639 cases aged 7195 cases accounted for 30.5%; out of 739 cases aged 8267 cases accounted for 36.1%; out of 541 cases aged 9, 201 cases accounted for 37.2%; out of 702 cases aged 10, 269 cases accounted for 38.3%; out of 560 cases aged 11, there were cases, accounting for 35.7%; among 462 cases aged 12, there were 163 cases, accounting for 35.3%.The SE of 4-year-old children was (1.33±1.18) D, which develops towards myopia at the age of 12 (-0.94±1.89) D. The AL of 4-year-old children was (22.13±0.72) mm, gradually increasing to (23.93±1.09) mm at the age of 12. The AL/CR ratio of 4-year-old children is (2.83±0.09), gradually increasing to (3.03±0.11) at the age of 12. As age increases, the SE, AL, and AL/CR ratios of the subjects all shew an increase towards myopia, and the differences are statistically significant (F=145.66, 197.75, 257.97; P<0.05); however, there was no significant difference in CR, and the difference was not statistically significant (F=0.977, P>0.05). The SE refraction of all 4544 preschool and primary school children aged 4 to 12 years old was negatively correlated with AL and AL/CR ratio, and the correlation was statistically significant (r=-0.736, 0.851; P<0.05). The correlation between SE and CR was not statistically significant (r=-0.028, P>0.05). The optimal cut-off values, sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, and AUC (95%CI) for children of different age groups were 2.86, 0.77, 0.76, 0.53, and [0.815 (0.716, 0.913), P<0.05] at the age of 4; At the age of 5, the values were 2.85, 0.80, 0.64, 0.45, and [0.799 (0.746, 0.852), P<0.05]. At the age of 6, the values were 2.88, 0.82, 0.72, 0.55, and [0.823 (0.777, 0.869), P<0.05]. At the age of 7, the values were 2.93, 0.66, 0.84, 0.50, and [0.805 (0.769, 0.841), P<0.05]. At the age of 8, the values were 2.92, 0.85, 0.66, 0.51, and [0.840 (0.812, 0.867), P<0.05]. At the age of 9, the values were 2.98, 0.70, 0.90, 0.60, and [0.858 (0.827, 0.889), P<0.05]. At the age of 10, the values were 2.96, 0.78, 0.84, 0.62, and [0.878 (0.853, 0.903), P<0.05]. At the age of 11, the values were 3.00, 0.73, 0.88, 0.61, and [0.874 (0.842, 0.905), P<0.05]. At the age of 12, the values were 3.00, 0.75, 0.93, 0.68, and [0.892 (0.861, 0.923), P<0.05]. As age increases, the optimal cut-off values for diagnosing premyopia gradually increases.

AL/CR is highly correlated with refractive error and has high accuracy in predicting premyopia before cycloplegia. In this study, the optimal cut off values for AL/CR prediction in children of different ages can provide a simple and reliable evaluation method for early screening of high-risk children for myopia, which will help with early intervention for myopia prevention.

With the increasing prevalence of myopia, the role of environmental light in regulating refractive development has attracted growing attention. Emerging evidence indicates that short-wavelength light can inhibit excessive axial elongation by regulating retinal dopamine release and can also influence systemic physiological functions, including circadian rhythm, metabolism, and mood, through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (IPRGC)-mediated non-image-forming visual pathways. These findings suggest that short-wavelength light may exert cross-system regulatory effects through a unified " light-eye-brain axis". The recent advances in understanding the effects of short-wavelength light on systemic health and myopia regulation were reviewed, with particular emphasis on the opsin-dopamine signaling mechanisms and the influence of light environmental parameters. This integrative perspective may provide a theoretical basis for developing light-based strategies for myopia prevention and control.

Myopia is a common refractive error, predominantly occurring in adolescence, and represents one of the most prevalent eye diseases worldwide, imposing a substantial economic burden on patients globally. Particularly, the rising prevalence of high myopia is expected to drive a corresponding increase in the incidence of complications such as myopic maculopathy in the coming years. Public health strategies aimed at slowing the progression from low myopia to high myopia are critical for preventing severe conditions and complications associated with pathological myopia. Numerous studies have explored the pathogenesis of myopia, and a variety of corresponding interventions have been proposed; however, a curative treatment remains elusive. As such, preventing myopia onset and slowing its progression have become the primary measures for addressing the myopia epidemic in contemporary society. Among these, the benefit of 2 hours of daily outdoor activity for myopia control is widely recognized, which may involve factors such as light exposure duration, illuminance, wavelength, frequency, spatial frequency, and ocular accommodation.In animal models, mechanistic studies of myopia control have implicated multiple signaling pathways, while clinical research prioritizes efficacy and safety. The effects of red light, blue light, and violet light—currently the most extensively studied light spectra on myopia were summarized, aiming to provide theoretical references for further research on myopia control and healthy lighting.

Infectious diseases of the eye are one of the major causes of blindness. The rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic microorganisms plays an important role in clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, traditional methods for detecting pathogens have some disadvantages such as a long test time, low positive rate (or lack of specificity). As molecular biological detection technology with high sensitivity, especially the deoxyribonucleic acid amplification-based and sequencing-based detection methods have made great breakthroughs in detecting ocular pathogen microorganisms: specificity; speediness. The current state-of-the-art research and development in molecular detection technologies for ophthalmic pathogens was summarized, including polymerase chain reaction and its derivative techniques, gene chips, and metagenomic sequencing, and explored the application value and problems in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular surface infection disease and intraocular infection disease.