Since keratoconus（KC）was first defined in 1854，several scholars have proposed various staging，grading，and classification methods to describe its severity and progression.In 1947，Amsler introduced the first KC grading system.Subsequently，Krumiech developed the Amsler-Krumiech grading system based on Amsler’s work，and Alio et al.further refined and proposed new classifications based on the Amsler-Krumiech framework.Since the 21st century，with advancements in ophthalmic diagnostic technologies，additional systems have emerged，including the keratoconus severity scoring system，optical coherence tomography（OCT）-based structural staging，the Belin ABCD progression display，and biomechanical＂E＂staging.In recent years，the widespread application of artificial intelligence has spurred novel technologies for characterizing and tracking KC severity，which showing promising potential for clinical applications despite of current clinical limitations.
To investigate the ocular biological parameters and clinical characteristics of a rare ocular disease nanophthalmos（NNO）.
Methods
A total of 54 patients（100 eyes）with NNO who visited the Ophthalmology Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University from January 2003 to December 2024 were collected.Among them，there were 27 males（51 eyes）and 27 females（49 eyes）with an average age of（39.3±16.5）years（ranging from 1 to 67 years）.The clinical data of NNO patientswere analyzed，includingmedical history，ophthalmic examination results，ocular biological parameters，
Results
The ocular biological parameter measurements of NNO patients showed that AL，BCVA，SE，IOP，TCD，CCT，ACD，LT，FRT，SFCT，and ASTwere（16.22±1.31）mm，（1.11±0.78）logarithm of theminimum angle of resolution（logMAR），（14.1±2.74）D，（25.3±13.3）mmHg（1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa），（10.32±0.79）mm，（561±37）μm，（2.54±0.42）mm，（4.89±0.55）mm，（381±133）μm，（375±85）μm，and（0.74±0.08）mm，respectively.The correlation analysis of biological parameters showed that AL was positively correlated with LT and negatively correlated with SE and FRT，with statistically significant correlations（r＝0.365，－0.474，－0.500；P＜0.05）；ACD was positively correlated with TCD and FRT and negatively correlated with IOP，CCT，and LT，with statistically significant correlations（r＝0.380，0.506，－0.281，－0.315，－0.276；P＜0.05）；AST was positively correlated with FRT and negatively correlated with SFCT，with statistically significant correlations（r＝0.503，－0.557；P＜0.05）.The analysis results of the proportion of NNO complicationswere：high hyperopia was included in 34 cases（61 eyes），with 34 cases（61 eyes）affected，accounting for 100%；amblyopia was included in 52 cases（96 eyes），with 52 cases（93 eyes）affected，accounting for 96.88%；ACG was included in 50 cases（92 eyes），with 35 cases（62 eyes）affected，accounting for 67.39%；UES was included in 50 cases（91 eyes），with 33 cases（59 eyes）affected，accounting for 64.83%.The severity of UES ranged from mild to severe as follows：ciliary body detachmentwas included in 41 cases（73 eyes），with 31 cases（55 eyes）affected，accounting for75.34%；choroidal detachmentwas included in 36 cases（65 eyes），with 16 cases（28 eyes）affected，accounting for 43.08%；exudative retinal detachment was included in 39 cases（70 eyes），with 18 cases（32 eyes）affected，accounting for 45.71%.
Conclusions
NNO presents clinical features such as reduced visual acuity，high hyperopia，short ocular axis，shallow anterior chamber，scleral thickening，and abnormalities in the retina and choroid.NNO often coexists with ACG and UES at a similar rate，with UES primarily characterized by ciliary body detachment.UBM offers a new option formeasuring the thickness of the anterior sclera.There is a correlation between the biological parameters of NNO，and biometry can provide a basis for the diagnosis and follow-up of NNO and its complications.
The aim of this study is to investigate corneal sensitivity and tear film stability in patients with neurodegenerative diseases（ND）.
Methods
A total of 145 clinically diagnosed ND patients（145 eyes）and 182 age-and gender-matched non-ND controls（182 eyes）from the Department of Neurology，Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between January and December 2023.The cohort comprised 150 males and 177 females with an average age of（51.7±7.8）year-old（ranging from 30 to 82 year-old）.According to the disease type，patients were divided into Alzheimer′s disease（AD），multiple sclerosis（MS），Parkinson′s disease（PD），Friedreich′s ataxia（FA），Huntington′s disease（HD），and control groups were established with matched demographics.Ocular assessments included corneal sensitivity measurement using Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer.Blink frequency analysis via LipiView ocular surface interferometer tear film evaluation through ocular surface disease index（OSDI），tearmeniscus height（TMH），non-invasive tear film breakup time（NIBUT），corneal fluorescein staining（CFS），lipid layer thickness（LLT）.OSDI，TMH，NIBUT，corneal fluorescein staining score，LLT，blink frequency and corneal sensitivity were all in line with normal distribution，and were described by（±s），and the comparison between groups was performed with t test.Gender was a dichotomous variable，expressed in cases and percentages，using chi-square test.
Results
ND subgroups included AD patients with 36 cases（36 eyes），MS patientswith 30 cases（30 eyes），PD patients with 50 cases（50 eyes），FA patients with（13 cases）13 eyes and HD patients with 16 cases（16 eyes）；AD patients control with 43 cases（43 eyes），MSpatients controlwith 33 cases（33 eyes），PD patients controlwith 50 cases（50 eyes），FA patients controlwith 28 cases（28 eyes），and HD patients control with 28 cases（28 eyes）.OSDI scores TMH，NIBUT，corneal fluorescein staining score，LLT，the blink frequency and corneal sensitivity of patients in AD，FA，PD，MSand HD groupswere（27.97±8.12）score，（27.30±6.89）score，（24.94±5.79）score，（26.31±6.78）score，（25.38±5.71）score，respectively（0.16±0.02）mm，（0.22±0.02）mm，（0.17±0.01）mm，（0.23±0.02）mm，（0.17±0.02）mm，（5.25±1.27）s，（5.33±1.21）s，（5.84±1.42）s，（6.23±1.48）s，（6.19±1.42）s，（2.03±0.14）points，（1.77±0.77）points，（1.26±0.63）points，（1.31±0.48）points，（1.31±0.48）points，（68.50±11.57）μm，（70.60±10.96）μm，（69.90±9.25）μm，（71.31±6.13）μm，（71.38±7.72）μm，（8.72±1.11）times/min，（8.77±1.01）times/min，（8.88±1.54）times/min，（8.31±0.86）times/min and（8.25±0.86）times/min，（37.36±9.89）mm，（39.00±12.25）mm，（38.40±9.87）mm，（39.（23±9.97）mm and（36.88±9.64）mm.The corresponding control groups were（14.05±5.28）score，（12.03±4.65）score，（17.58±5.20）score，（14.11±5.42）score，（14.50±4.81）score，respectively（0.22±0.03）mm，（0.25±0.03）mm，（0.23±0.02）mm，（0.25±0.02）mm，（0.24±0.02）mm，（12.35±2.84）s，（12.12±1.90）s，（13.16±2.07）s，（12.43±2.03）s，（12.32±1.83）s，（0.42±0.50）points，（0.33±0.48）points，（0.22±0.42）points，（0.25±0.44）points，（0.21±0.42）points，70.42±9.69）μm，（69.30±9.22）μm，（70.34±10.28）μm，（70.14±8.70）μm，（70.75±8.78）μm，（12.63±1.27）times/min，（12.91±1.38）times/min，（12.30±1.42）times/min，（12.82±1.44）times/min，（12.93±1.48）times/min，（55.35±5.61）mm，（55.61±5.27）mm，（56.50±4.55）mm，（54.82±4.55）mm，6.16）mm and（55.71±5.72）mm.The differences between AD，FA and PD groups and the corresponding control group were statistically significant（t＝－6.500，－6.440，－5.673，10.412，－4.614，－13.883，－14.706，－16.710，－20.597，－7.126， －6.053， －7.208， －7.450， －6.723， －8.198， －10.144， －7.615，－11.780；P＜0.05）.Compared with the control group，the TMH of patients in FA group and HD group decreased.Compared with the control group，the nibut time of patients in FA group and HD group was shortened.Compared with the control group，the corneal fluorescein staining scores of patients in FA group and HD group were increased.Compared with the control group，the blink frequency of patients in FA group and HD group was decreased.Compared with the control group，the corneal sensitivity of patients in FA group and HD group was decreased.
Conclusions
Patients with various NDs exhibit characteristic dry eye manifestations characterized by impaired tear film stability and diminished corneal sensitivity.
The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of restrictive strabismus caused by thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy（TAO）.
Methods
A total of 48 TAO patients（68 eyes）who underwent surgical intervention for restrictive strabismus at the Department of Ophthalmology，Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University，between January 2019 and March 2023 were retrospectively collected.The final participants included 33 males（44 eyes）and 15 females（24 eyes）with amean age of（51.7±10.3）years（ranging from 33 to 66）.Affected extraocularmuscles were identified preoperatively via ocularmotility assessments，imaging，and intraoperative forced pull tests.Surgical strategies included extraocularmuscle tenotomy，suspension surgery，retraction surgery，or type A botulinum toxin injection，with additional strengthening surgery for residual deviation.Patientswere followed up for 6 months or 1 year after surgery and analyzed for differences of in ocular deviation，diplopia，intraocular pressure，visual acuity，and proptosis between the preoperative period and the last follow-up.Measurements of age，limitation degree of ocularmotility，strabismus deviation，intraocular pressure，visual acuity，and proptosiswere described as¯x±s when they conformed to normal distribution，and compared by t tests；paired t tests were used for preoperative and postoperative comparisons.Disease duration and the interval between thyroid dysfunction and strabismus were described by quartiles due to they did not conform to normal distribution；count data were described by number of cases and percentage.
Results
The duration of strabismus ranged from 5 to 108 months，with amedian duration of12 months，and the duration of thyroid dysfunction ranged from 7 to 120 months，with amedian duration of20months；themedian interval between thyroid dysfunction and strabismus ranged from 0 to 114 months，with a median interval of 6 months.45 patients（64 eyes）had a previous diagnosis of TAO，2 cases（3 eyes）with papillary thyroid carcinoma，and 1 case（1 eye）with Hashimoto′s thyroiditis，accounting for 94.12%，4.41% and 1.47%，respectively.All patients had orbital imaging suggestive of extraocularmuscle involvement.Strabismus and thyroid function abnormality appeared simultaneously in 9 cases（12 eyes），accounting for 18.75%；39 cases（56 eyes）with strabismus after thyroid function abnormality，accounting for 81.25%.None of the patients showed hyperthyroidism in their preoperative thyroid function.Strabismus patterns included vertical deviation with esotropia（32 cases，44 eyes，accounting for 66.67%），vertical deviation with exotropia（2 cases，4 eyes，accounting for 4.17%），isolated vertical deviation（8 cases，10 eyes，16.67%），and isolated esotropia（6 cases，10 eyes，accounting for 12.50%）.Orbital imaging demonstrated extraocular muscle thickening in 162 muscles across 48 patients（68 eyes）.Specifically，involvement of the inferior rectus（40 cases，61 eyes，accounting for 83.33%），superior rectus（31 cases，46 eyes，accounting for 64.58%），medial rectus（26 cases，45 eyes，accounting for 54.17%），and lateral rectus（8 cases，10 eyes，accounting for 16.67%）was observed.Multimuscular involvement（≥2 muscles）occurred in 36 cases（56 eyes，accounting for 75%），while 12 cases（12 eyes，accounting for 25%）exhibited singlemuscle involvement.Surgical intervention targeted 81 rectus muscles（78 weakened，3 strengthened）.Weakening procedures included single-muscle recession（28 cases，28 eyes，accounting for58.33%），twomuscle recession（14 cases，28 eyes，accounting for 29.17%），and multimuscular recession（6 cases，12 eyes，accounting for 12.5%）.The average preoperative intraocular pressure of 45 cases（64 eyes）was（24.19±9.26）mmHg（1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa），and the average postoperative intraocular pressure was（19.99±7.00）mmHg.The postoperative intraocular pressure decreased compared to preoperative levels，and the differencewas statistically significant（t＝5.695，P＜0.05）.The preoperative average visual acuity was（4.82±0.50）logarithm of theminimum angle of resolution（logMAR），and the postoperative average visual acuity was（4.86±0.45）logMAR.There was a significant improvement in postoperative visual acuity，and the difference was statistically significant（t＝1.995，P＜0.05）.The average preoperative protrusion degree was（19.80±2.22）mm，and the average postoperative protrusion degree was（17.60±2.14）mm.The postoperative protrusion degree decreased compared to preoperative，and the difference was statistically significant（t＝14.408，P＜0.05）.
Conclusions
TAO-induced restrictive strabismus predominantly involvesmultiple extraocularmuscles，particularly the inferior and medial rectus.Weakening procedures for restricted muscles，with adjunctive antagonist muscle strengthening when necessary，effectively restore ocular alignment and improve functional outcomes.
The aim of this study is to observe the effect of dynamic full spectrum light onmyopia progression of lens-induced guinea pigs.
Methods
Fifty seven one week old British trichrome guinea pigs weighing≤100 g were randomly divided into continuous illumination group（18 guinea pigs），low-frequency change group（20 guinea pigs）and high-frequency change group（19 guinea pigs）.The full spectrum SoLux light source was used to simulate outdoor lighting，and the light intensity was dynamically fluctuated in a cosine manner through electronic control equipment.The continuous illumination group received light intensity of 8000 lux，and the low-frequency change group received light intensity of 500 to 8000 lux，with a change frequency of 10 min/0.05 Hz.The high-frequency change group was exposed to 500 to8000 luxwith a frequency of20 s/0.002 Hz.All guinea pigswere equipped with－6.00 D lenses in both eyes.The changes of ocular biological parameters such as diopter，anterior chamber depth，lens thickness，vitreous cavity length，and axial length were measured before and 3 weeks after the experiment.Diopter，anterior chamber depth，lens thickness，vitreous depth and axial length were all in linewith normal distribution，and described by（¯x±s），and performed with analysis of variance between groups.The changes of eye parameters before and after the experimentwere detected by paired t-test，and the changes of eye parameters between groups with different light modes or dynamic light sources with different change frequencies were compared by t test.
Results
Before the experiment，refractive error of the constant lighting group was（3.55±0.53）D.The low frequency dynamic light group was（3.66±0.58）D and the high frequency dynamic light group was（3.49±0.49）D.There was no difference in refractive error among all groups.After3 weeks treatment，all the groups of guinea pigs developedmyopia.The low frequency dynamic light group developed tomyopia by（－2.43±0.68）D，followed by constant lighting group（－1.62±0.95）D.Before the experiment，the visual acuity of guinea pigs in the continuous illumination group，lowfrequency variation group，and high-frequency variation group were（3.55±0.53）D，（3.66±0.58）D，and（3.49±0.49）D，respectively.There was no statistically significant difference between the groups（F＝0.69，P＞0.05）.Before the experiment，the anterior chamber depth，lens thickness，vitreous cavity length，and axial length of the guinea pigs in the continuous lighting group were（1.09±0.05）mm，（2.46±0.14）mm，（3.40±0.18）mm，and（7.23±0.09）mm，respectively.The low-frequency variation groups were（1.08±0.05）mm，（2.47±0.15）mm，（3.41±0.19）mm，and（7.18±0.08）mm，respectively.The high-frequency change groups were（1.11±0.04）mm，（2.49±0.15）mm，（3.44±0.16）mm，and（7.23±0.09）mm，respectively.There was no statistically significant difference in the biological parameters of guinea pig eyeballs between groups（F＝1.22，0.36，0.19，2.10；P＞0.05）.After 3 weeks of experimental treatment，the refractive power of guinea pigs in the low-frequency change group increased by（－2.43±0.68）D compared to before the experiment，the highfrequency illumination group increased by（－1.34±0.91）D，and the continuous illumination group increased by（－1.62±0.95）D.The high-frequency variation group showed the least increase compared to before the experiment，followed by the continuous illumination group and the low-frequency variation group.Compared with the low-frequency change group，the high-frequency change group of guinea pigs showed a relative hyperopia state in terms of refractive power，and the difference in refractive power changes between the two groups of guinea pigs was statistically significant（t＝－4.35，P＜0.05）.There was no statistically significant difference in the changes of lens thickness，axial length，anterior chamber depth，and vitreous cavity length among the groups of guinea pigs（F＝0.32，2.10，1.05，1.10；P＞0.05）.
Conclusions
High frequency dynamic illumination can effectively slow down the progression of lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs.However，compared with constant lighting，high frequency dynamic lighting did not show greater protective effect againstmyopia.The results of this experiment need further research and exploration.
The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between placental growth factor（PLGF）and corneal biological characteristics in pregnant women after laser surgery for myopia.
Methods
A total of 128 pregnant women who were naturally pregnant after laser surgery in the ophthalmology department of Changzhi People′s Hospital from March 2020 to February 2023 and 128 nonpregnantwomen who underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the study objects.The average age was（29.9±3.8）years，ranging from 19 to 42 years.Pregnant women were in the pregnancy group and non-pregnant women were in the control group.All subjects underwent femtosecond laser surgery within 1 year.The PLGF level and corneal biological characteristics of the pregnancy group were detected in the first trimester（T1），second trimester（T2），third trimester（T3）and 6 weeks postpartum（T4），respectively.The detection time of the control group was determined by the pregnancy group.Serum PLGF，corneal biological characteristics and other quantitative datawere normalized by Shapiro-Wilk test，and the normal distribution was represented by¯x±s.Independent sample t test was used for comparison between groups，repeatedmeasurement variance testwas used for comparison atdifferent time points，and LSD test was used for pair comparison.The measurement data of IOP with skewed distribution were described by［M（P25，P75）］and Mann-Whitney U testwas analyzed.Complicationswere described by cases and percentage and Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups.Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between serum PLGF and corneal biomechanical parameters in different periods of pregnancy.
Results
The serum PlGF，stiffness parameter applanation 1（SPA1），central corneal thickness（CCT），deformation amplitude ratio（DA ratio），corneal resistance factor（CRF），integrated radius（IR）and corneal hysteresis（CH）of women in pregnancy group at each time pointwere（9.42±2.85）pg/m l，（81.25±8.35）mmHg/mm（1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa），（465.25±35.45）μm，5.85±0.82，（6.63±1.26）mmHg，11.32±1.35，（8.13±1.16）mmHg，（61.52±6.83）pg/m l，（73.36±6.62）mmHg/mm，（516.42±38.87）μm，5.32±0.85，（7.38±1.52）mmHg，10.44±1.56，（8.87±1.25）mmHg，（132.37±15.45 pg/m l，（64.54±6.83）mmHg/mm，（546.36±36.63）μm，4.54±0.66，（9.16±1.87）mmHg，8.85±1.42，（9.62±1.38）mmHg，（6.64±1.53 pg/m l，（76.25±8.25）mmHg/mm，（482.65±31.37）μm，5.13±0.68，（7.55±1.65）mmHg，10.56±1.62 and（8.65±1.13）mmHg，respectively..The control group were（5.66±1.42）pg/m l，（86.26±8.52）mmHg/mm，（438.35±28.87）μm，5.92±0.75，（6.68±1.32）mmHg，11.46±1.27，（8.17±1.05）mmHg，（5.18±1.16）pg/ml，（83.37±8.45）mmHg/mm，（442.18±31.36）μm，5.88±0.65，（6.75±1.24）mmHg，11.28±1.22，（8.23±1.12）mmHg，（5.53±1.33）pg/ml，（84.45±6.53）mmHg/mm，（453.56±33.82）μm，5.66±0.83，（6.65±1.18）mmHg，11.37±1.44，（8.26±1.24）mmHg，（5.85±1.45）pg/ml，（82.16±8.18）mmHg/mm，（455.25±35.65）μm，5.63±0.62，（6.82±1.35）mmHg，11.16±1.53 and（8.18±1.17）mmHg.Using two factor repeated measures ANOVA，the group effects of T1，T2，T3 and T4 in the two groupswere statistically significant（F group＝5688.222，730.334，135.541，69.729，504.994，159.591，137.416；P＜0.05）.The time effect was statistically significant（F times＝5851.554129.164，57.561，30.887108.940，63.771，60.579；P＜0.05）.The interaction effect was statistically significant（F interactioneffect＝16153.526，47.442，20.884，34.997，33.607，14.865；P＜0.05）.Pearson correlation analysis showed that therewas no correlation between serum PlGF and corneal biological characteristics at T1 and T4，and there was no statistical significance（r＝－0.095，0.114，0.000，0.020，－0.032，0.088，－0.076，0.115，－1.000，0.105，0.044，0.104；P＞0.05）.At T 2 to T3，serum PlGF was positively correlated with CCT，CRF and CH，with statistical significance（r＝0.710，0.786，0.212，0.630，0.262，0.455；P＜0.05）；it was negatively correlated with SPA1，Da ratio and IR，with statistical significance（r＝0.544，－0.816，－0.352，－0.612，－0.280，－0.646；P＜0.05）.In the pregnancy group，dry eye and visual acuity regression occurred in 31 cases，with an incidence of 24.22%；16 cases，the incidence was 12.50%.In the control group，15 cases occurred，with an incidence of 11.72%.The incidence was 3.91%.The difference between the groups was statistically significant（χ2＝6.784，6.277；P＜0.05）.
Conclusions
There is a significant correlation between serum PLGF and corneal biological characteristics in pregnantwomen withmyopia after laser surgery in themiddle and late stages of pregnancy.Elevated serum PLGF in themiddle and late stages of pregnancy is accompanied by elevated levels of CCT，CRF，and CH，as well as decreased levels of SPA1，DA ratio，and IR.Moreover，pregnancy after laser surgery formyopiamay increase the risk of dry eye and visual regression.
To explore the surgical expectations，compliance，and the proportion of influencing factors among patients undergoing refractive surgery for myopia.
Methods
From April 2022 to May 2022，a cluster samplingmethod combined with an online questionnaire survey was employed to distribute 1139 questionnaires across five provinces and municipalities：Beijing，Shanghai，Shandong，Xinjiang，and Zhejiang.A total of500 cases of unoperated myopia patientswere enrolled.Among them，231 weremale and 269 were female，with an average age of（25.0±5.0）years（ranging from 19 to 49 years）.Patients were categorized into three groups based on equivalent spherical refractive power：mild myopia，moderatemyopia，and severe myopia.The study investigated and recorded patients′eligibility screening，demographic data，myopia history，and spectacle-wearing habits through questionnaire surveys.Additionally，the surgical expectations and compliance among patients who underwent five types of refractive surgeries were assessed：epithelial laser in situ keratomileusis（LASEK），laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis（LASIK），small incision lenticule extraction（SMILE），refractive lens exchange（RLE），and phakic intraocular lens（IOL）implantation.All data were described using counts and percentages.Continuous variables were compared between groups using the Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test，while categorical data were analyzed using the chisquare test.
Results
Among the total1139 patients，500 responded to the questionnaire，resulting in a response rate of 43.9%.The patients primarily consisted of government employees，students，and technical professionals.Among the 500 included patients，432 patients，386 patients，and 270 patients respectively expected the surgery tomeet their basic living needs，high-intensity sports requirements，and high-precision work demands，accounting for 86.4%，77.2%，and 52.4% respectively.Older age，female gender，and highermonthly income were significantly associated with a higher expectation for the surgery to satisfy highprecision work needs（OR＝1.04，0.62，0.42；P＜0.05）.Post-surgery compliance was observed in 274 patients，167 patients，and 223 patients who used twomedications，attended follow-ups once amonth，and adhered tomedication for onemonth，respectively，accounting for 58.3%，37.11%，and 47.5%.Female patients demonstrated significantly higher compliance with post-surgery medical instructions compared to males（OR＝0.69，95%CI：0.42 to 0.91）.
Conclusions
There are differences in expectations for refractive correction surgery among patients of differentoccupations and genders，with females showing higher post-surgery compliance.Clinicians should focus on personalized treatment strategies.
Dry eye is a chronic ocular surface disease caused by multiple factors，which seriously affects patients′visual function and quality of life.Scleral lenses，as an innovative treatmentmethod，can form a＂reservoir＂on the ocular surface to maintain corneal moisture，reduce mechanical damage，and promote corneal healing.It has been shown that scleral lenses have significant therapeutic effects in the clinical treatment of dry eye，which can effectively improve patients′vision，reduce tear osmolarity，significantly alleviate dry eye symptoms，and enhance patients′quality of life.Scleral lenses are suitable for patients with moderate to severe dry eye，especially for those who have not responded well to traditional treatments.For instance，in cases of severe dry eye caused by chronic graft-versus-host disease，exposure keratitis，and Stevens-Johnson syndrome，wearing scleral lenses can provide physical protection，thereby effectively alleviating dry eye symptoms.In recent years，with the continuous exploration and development in design technology，material science and application fields，the application prospects of scleral lenses in dry eye treatment have become increasingly broad.Thewider application of scleral lenses in clinical practice can provide a safer and more effective treatment for dry eye patients，and further promote the progress and development of dry eye treatment field.
Diabetic retinopathy（DR）is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of diabetes，with a complex pathogenesis.In recent years，research on lipid metabolism abnormalities in retinal pigment epithelial（RPE）cells has gradually paid more attention.RPE cells are crucial components of retinal structure and function，and their lipid metabolism homeostasis is essential for maintaining retinal function and regulating processes such as oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.Abnormal lipid metabolism can lead to structural damage and functional impairment of RPE cells，thus exacerbating the progression of diabetic retinopathy.The role of RPE cells in the occurrence and development of DR，systematically organizes the research progress related to RPE lipid metabolism imbalance and DR was reviewed，which focuses on changes in lipid metabolism-related signaling pathways and their importance in the pathological process of DR，aiming to provide new ideas and reference for the early prevention and treatment，aswell as targeted intervention strategies for DR.
Dry eye affects the lives ofmillions of people every year，yet a cure has still not been found.Increasing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the gut microbiome is linked to ocular surface diseases.The imbalance in the gut microbiome can cause barrier disruption，influence local or systemic inflammation，and lead to pathological changes in distant organs，with the connection between the gut microbiome and autoimmune diseases being a focus of attention.There have been nearly 300 studies on the relationship between the gutmicrobiome and eye diseases，including immune-mediated eye diseases，diabetic retinopathy，age-related macular degeneration，dry eye，and Graves′ophthalmopathy，amongwhich dry eye provides the best evidence of the interaction.The research progress on the relationship between dry eyerelated diseases and the gutmicrobiome was reviewed，in order to explore the connection between dry eye and the gutmicrobiome to help understand its pathogenesis，provide new insights for the prevention of dry eye，and develop new dry eye therapies based on the gutmicrobiome.
Endogenous endophthalmitis（EE）is a serious ocular infectious disease with a complex and varied pathogenesis.The causative organism can be from a distant infectious lesion or sepsis.Despite the low incidence of EE，once diagnosed，the treatment and prognosis are usually extremely poor.Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are paramount for improving outcomes due to the poor prognosis and its profound impact on patients′quality of life.In recent years，the industry has made rapid progress in the diagnosis，response，and treatment strategies of EE，which have evolved to precise diagnosis，rapid response，and comprehensive treatment strategies.The clinicalmanifestations and therapeutic aspects of EE were focused on in this paper.
