High myopia is one of the major irreversible blindness ocular diseases in the world so far. In the process of occurrence and development of high myopia, the posterior sclera of the eyeball may be abnormally thinner or expanded. Scleral degeneration, choroidal atrophy and varying degrees of ocular axis increase, and the excessive degradation of scleral extracellular matrix is the fundamental reason for the continuous development of high myopia. In recent years, with the in-depth research, the domestic and foreign scholars have found that there is a close relationship between the development of biochemical characteristics of the extracellular matrix of the scleral tissue changes and myopia, and collagen as an important component of the extracellular matrix of the scleral tissue, there is a significant positive correlation between the development of its expression and accumulation and histopathologic changes myopia. At present, there is no effective treatment method in clinical medicine. The efficacy of commonly used drugs and surgical treatment is not yet determined, and its toxic and side effects are large, so it is not suitable for wide application and promotion in clinic. In this paper, the research progress on the molecular mechanism of collagen in the extrascleral extracellular matrix of high myopia is reviewed.