With the increasing prevalence of myopia, the role of environmental light in regulating refractive development has attracted growing attention. Emerging evidence indicates that short-wavelength light can inhibit excessive axial elongation by regulating retinal dopamine release and can also influence systemic physiological functions, including circadian rhythm, metabolism, and mood, through intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (IPRGC)-mediated non-image-forming visual pathways. These findings suggest that short-wavelength light may exert cross-system regulatory effects through a unified " light-eye-brain axis". The recent advances in understanding the effects of short-wavelength light on systemic health and myopia regulation were reviewed, with particular emphasis on the opsin-dopamine signaling mechanisms and the influence of light environmental parameters. This integrative perspective may provide a theoretical basis for developing light-based strategies for myopia prevention and control.