Amblyopia is one of the most common eye diseases that seriously impair the vision of children. During the visual development period, the monocular or binocular eyes have the best corrected visual acuity due to abnormal visual experience, and there is no organic lesion in the ocular examination. At present, classification of amblyopia, have different views on international, classification method is more suitable for clinical and scientific research practice and most scholars accept is divided into amblyopia strabismus amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia and ametropia amblyopia and deprivation amblyopia. The mechanism of amblyopia is extremely complex, the specific etiology is not clear, the more popular is the two theories of von Noorden according to my research and other laboratory results suggest that the interaction and form deprivation theory of abnormal eyes. With the development of science and technology, the pathogenesis of amblyopia has made remarkable progress in many aspects, such as molecular level, electrophysiology, imaging and optical coherence tomography. The study of the pathogenesis of amblyopia is a complex and comprehensive study involving many subjects and methods. Therefore, the research on the pathogenesis of amblyopia is reviewed in this paper.