Myopia is a common refractive error, predominantly occurring in adolescence, and represents one of the most prevalent eye diseases worldwide, imposing a substantial economic burden on patients globally. Particularly, the rising prevalence of high myopia is expected to drive a corresponding increase in the incidence of complications such as myopic maculopathy in the coming years. Public health strategies aimed at slowing the progression from low myopia to high myopia are critical for preventing severe conditions and complications associated with pathological myopia. Numerous studies have explored the pathogenesis of myopia, and a variety of corresponding interventions have been proposed; however, a curative treatment remains elusive. As such, preventing myopia onset and slowing its progression have become the primary measures for addressing the myopia epidemic in contemporary society. Among these, the benefit of 2 hours of daily outdoor activity for myopia control is widely recognized, which may involve factors such as light exposure duration, illuminance, wavelength, frequency, spatial frequency, and ocular accommodation.In animal models, mechanistic studies of myopia control have implicated multiple signaling pathways, while clinical research prioritizes efficacy and safety. The effects of red light, blue light, and violet light—currently the most extensively studied light spectra on myopia were summarized, aiming to provide theoretical references for further research on myopia control and healthy lighting.