The previous view was that glaucoma is a simple visual channel disease that requires less attention to the psychological and social well-being of patients. Numerous epidemiological evidences indicate that the prevalence of anxiety or depression in glaucoma patients is much higher than that in the general population. Anxiety or depression is a risk factor for the onset and development of glaucoma, and the two interact with each other, even forming a vicious cycle. The mechanism of mutual promotion between the two includes neuroendocrine factors, autonomic factors, and psychosocial factors. Meanwhile, the association between glaucoma and anxiety or depression is influenced by demographic factors, physical factors, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Current research has confirmed a bidirectional association between glaucoma and anxiety or depression. This emphasizes the necessity of incorporating mental health assessment into the routine diagnosis and treatment system in the clinical management of glaucoma.