Amniotic membrane transplantation is currently one of the methods for ocular surface reconstruction. However, due to deficiency of supporting force and low mechanical strength, amniotic membrane cannot meet the demands of practical clinical applications. Although electrospun nanofibers exhibit good mechanical properties, they lack the necessary biological activity. Therefore, combining the advantages and disadvantages of both to construct a biosynthetic composite scaffold is currently a trend. In this paper, three composite strategies, namely physical blending, surface modification, and layered structure design, as well as their synergistic mechanisms were reviewed in detail. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of this composite material from three aspects were reviewed: optical transparency, mechanical stability, and immune microenvironment regulation, offering a new technological approach for ocular surface reconstruction.