探讨北京市春季免疫性结膜炎患者的分布特征及其影响因素。

选取2021～2025年每年3月就诊于北京同仁医院崇文门院区眼科急诊的春季免疫性结膜炎患者13 086例作为研究对象。其中，男性6223例，女性6863例。年龄2～90岁，中位年龄34(14，43)岁。按患者年龄分为未成年组、青年组、中年组及老年组。检索并记录东华数字化医院信息管理系统中每日此病患者的数量、年龄、性别、诊断及药物治疗信息。查阅并记录北京市气象局当日的花粉浓度、最高气温、风力级别及降雨或雨夹雪天气监测数据。患者数量经Kolmogorov－Smirnov检验不符合正态分布，采用中位数、四分位数间距及90%分位数M(Q1，Q3，90%)表示；花粉浓度和最高气温符合正态分布，以±s表示。采用Spearman相关系数评估患者数量与花粉浓度、最高气温、风力级别及降雨或雨夹雪天气的相关性并绘制对数坐标折线图；采用单因素广义线性回归分析患者数量与花粉浓度、最高气温、风力级别及降雨或雨夹雪天气等气候因素的关联性，进一步再将单因素筛选出的变量纳入多因素广义线性回归分析，控制混杂因素，深入探讨各因素与患者数量的关联性。

全部13 086例春季免疫性结膜炎患者中，未成年组、青年组、中年组及老年组患者分别为3951例、6463例、2187例及485例，分别占30.2%、49.4%、16.7%及3.7%；男性和女性分别有6223例和6863例，分别占47.6%和52.4%。2021年3月、2022年3月、2023年3月、2024年3月及2025年3月的患者数量分别为2551例、1886例、2180例、2901例及3568例，分别占19.5%、14.4%、16.6%、22.2%及27.3%；患者数量范围分别为3～449例、7～321例、4～208例、5～560例及3～521例；90%分位患者数量分别53(20，81，206)例、35(21，60，212)例、59(41，108，131)例、46(24，128，173)例及79(43，140，308)例；平均花粉浓度分别为(549.4±611.7)粒/1000 mm²、(735.7±1175.7)粒/1000 mm²、(818.7±847.6)粒/1000 mm²、(835.7±1618.5)粒/1000 mm²及(1234.1±2202.6)粒/1000 mm²；平均最高气温分别为(13.9±5.2)℃、(13.3±4.2)℃、(16.7±4.5)℃、(15.3±5.2)℃及(15.4±5.9)℃。每日风力分别为0～4级、1～3级、1～4级、0～4级及1～4级；降水类型分别为小雨、小雨或雨夹雪、小雨、小雨或雨夹雪及小雨或雨夹雪。Spearman相关分析结果显示，患者数量与花粉浓度、最高气温、降雨或雨夹雪天气及风力级别分别呈显著相关、中等相关、中等相关及弱相关，其相关性均具有统计学意义(r＝0.734，0.460，0.452，0.232；P<0.05)。单因素广义线性回归分析结果显示，患者数量受花粉浓度、最高气温及降雨或雨夹雪天气的影响，其相关分析具有统计学意义(β＝0.047，7.856，94.316；95%CI: 0.039～0.056，5.021～10.691，56.621～132.012；P<0.05)。患者数量不受风力级别影响，其相关性无统计学意义(β＝14.440；95%CI: －3.213～32.093；P>0.05)。多元广义线性回归分析结果显示，患者数量与花粉浓度、最高气温及降雨或雨夹雪天气的相关性具有统计学意义(β＝0.038，3.564，69.460；95%CI: 0.029～0.047，1.175～5.954，40.754～98.166；P<0.05)。

北京市春季免疫性结膜炎患者的流行病学特征表现为女性稍多于男性；以未成年和青年人为主，老年人群亦有偶发者；患者数量受花粉浓度、最高气温及降雨或雨夹雪天气影响，而风力影响不显著。

To explore the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of spring immune conjunctivitis patients in Beijing.

13 086 patients with spring immune conjunctivitis who visited the emergency department of Chongwenmen Branch of Beijing Tongren Hospital in March each year from 2021 to 2025 were selected as the research subjects. Among them, there were 6223 males and 6863 females with a median age of 34 (14, 43) years old (ranging from 2 to 90 years old). Patients were divided into three groups based on their age: underage group, young group, middle-aged group, and elderly group. The daily number, age, gender, diagnosis, and medication treatment information of patients with this disease in the Donghua Digital Hospital Information Management System were retrieve and recorded. The pollen concentration, maximum temperature, wind force level, and rainfall or sleet weather monitoring data of the Beijing Meteorological Bureau for the day were reviewed and recorded. The number of patients did not follow a normal distribution according to the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, and was represented by median and interquartile range, and 90% percentile M (Q1, Q3, 90%). The pollen concentration and maximum temperature follow a normal distribution, was represented by ±s. The correlation between the number of patients and pollen concentration, maximum temperature, wind intensity, and rainfall or sleet weather, and draw a logarithmic line graph was evaluated by Spearman correlation coefficient. Single factor generalized linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between the number of patients and climate factors such as pollen concentration, maximum temperature, wind intensity, and rainfall or sleet weather. Further, the variables selected from single factor screening were included in the multi factor generalized linear regression analysis to control for confounding factors and explore the correlation between each factor and the number of patients in depth.

Among all 13 086 patients with spring immune conjunctivitis, there were 3951, 6463, 2187, and 485 patients in the underage group, young group, middle-aged group, and elderly group, respectively, accounting for 30.2%, 49.4%, 16.7%, and 3.7%, respectively. There were 6223 males and 6863 females, accounting for 47.6% and 52.4%, respectively. The number of patients in March 2021, March 2022, March 2023, March 2024, and March 2025 were 2551, 1886, 2180, 2901, and 3568, respectively, accounting for 19.5%, 14.4%, 16.6%, 22.2%, and 27.3%. The range of patient numbers was 3 to 449, 7 to 321, 4 to 208, 5 to 560, and 3 to 521, respectively. The number of patients in the 90^th percentile was 53 (20, 81 206), 35 (21, 60 212), 59 (41, 108 131), 46 (24, 128 173), and 79 (43, 140 308), respectively. The average pollen concentrations were (549.4±611.7) grains/1000 mm^2, (735.7±1175.7) grains/1000 mm^2, (818.7±847.6) grains/1000 mm^2, (835.7±1618.5) grains/1000 mm^2, and (1234.1±2202.6) grains/1000 mm^2, respectively. The average maximum temperatures are (13.9±5.2) ℃, (13.3±4.2) ℃, (16.7±4.5) ℃, (15.3±5.2) ℃, and (15.4±5.9) ℃, respectively. The daily wind speeds were 0 to 4, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 0 to 4, and 1 to 4, respectively. The types of precipitation are light rain, light rain or sleet, light rain, light rain or sleet, and light rain or sleet. The Spearman correlation analysis results showed that the number of patients was significantly correlated, moderately correlated, moderately correlated, and weakly correlated with pollen concentration, maximum temperature, rainfall or sleet weather, and wind intensity, respectively, with statistical significance (r=0.734, 0.460, 0.452, 0.232; P<0.05). The results of single factor generalized linear regression analysis showed that the number of patients was affected by pollen concentration, maximum temperature, and rainfall or sleet weather, and the correlation analysis had statistical significance (β=0.047, 7.856, 94.316; 95%CI: 0.039 to 0.056, 5.021 to 10.691, 56.621 to 132.012; P<0.05). The number of patients was not affected by wind intensity, and the correlation was not statistically significant (β=14.440, P>0.05). The results of multiple generalized linear regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between the number of patients and pollen concentration, maximum temperature, and rainfall or sleet weather (β=0.038, 3.564, 69.460; 95%CI: 0.029 to 0.047, 1.175 to 5.954, 40.754 to 98.166; P<0.05).

The epidemiological characteristics of spring immune conjunctivitis patients in Beijing are slightly higher in females than males. Mainly targeting minors and young people, with a small proportion occurring in middle-aged people, and occasional cases in the elderly population. The number of patients is affected by pollen concentration, maximum temperature, and rainfall or sleet weather, while the effect of wind is not significant.