翼状胬肉作为一种全球性的常见眼表疾病，影响患者视力与外观，严重者可致盲。目前，常见的手术方式包括单纯胬肉切除术、胬肉转位术、角膜缘干细胞联合自体结膜移植术及羊膜移植术等。其手术疗法虽历经演变，但术后复发及并发症的发生仍是困扰患者与临床医师的核心挑战。对其手术时机、术式及术后并发症处理方式的选择关系到患者术后眼表稳态及复发率，须遵从循证医学证据，综合考量胬肉的进展性及其对患者视觉功能和生活质量的影响。以角膜缘干细胞联合结膜移植为代表的重建性术式能有效降低术后复发率，是目前胬肉手术疗法的基石，而对术后复发及手术相关干眼等并发症管理是保障远期疗效的关键。未来，结合新型生物疗法和组织工程学成果的个性化疗法，将是翼状胬肉精准、微创治疗的发展方向。

Pterygium, as a common global ocular surface disease, affects patients′ vision and appearance, and can lead to blindness in severe cases. The common surgical methods currently include simple pterygium excision, pterygium transposition, corneal limbal stem cell combined with autologous conjunctival transplantation, and amniotic membrane transplantation. Although its surgical therapy has undergone evolution, postoperative recurrence and complications remain the core challenges that plague patients and clinical physicians. The choice of surgical timing, procedure, and postoperative complication management is related to the patient's postoperative ocular surface stability and recurrence rate. Evidence based medicine should be followed to comprehensively consider the progression of pterygium and its impact on the patient's visual function and quality of life. The reconstructive surgical technique represented by corneal limbal stem cell combined with conjunctival transplantation can effectively reduce the postoperative recurrence rate and is the cornerstone of current pterygium surgical therapy. The management of postoperative recurrence and surgical related complications such as dry eye is the key to ensuring long-term efficacy. In the future, personalized therapies combining new biological therapies and tissue engineering achievements will be the development direction for precise and minimally invasive treatment of pterygium.